Exam 3 part 2 Flashcards by Sarah Holmes

What is a solution?

Homogeneous mixture of 2 or more components that form a one-phase system which is homogeneous down to the molecular level (monomolecular dispersion)

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What are the advantages of a solution?

More molecules are absorbed than particles 
Uniform
Dose adjustments can be made
Easy to swallow
Fluidity
Eye appeal

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What are the disadvantages of a solution?

Chemical instability
Prone to microbial invasion
Dosing precision is lost
Bulky
Difficult to hold in place and they dont taste good

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What are the common solvents for solutions?

Water, alcohol, and diluted alcohols

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What is the usual solvent before alcohol for solutions?

Water

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What are co-solvents good for?

Mixture of alcohol and water is good for solubilizing drugs

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What is the percentage of alcohol for rubbing alcohol?

70%

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How denatures rubbing alcohol?

Ketones

To prevent distillation of alcohol

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What is isopropyl rubbing alcohol used for?

Topical preparations

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What percentage of isopropyl alcohol is disinfectant?

91%

70% is used for a soothing rub

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What is glycerin used for as an excipient?

IT is a sweet viscous vehicle
Does not have CNS depressant activity
Preservative

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When do solutes in glycerin dissolve?

When the temperature is increased

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What is propylene glycol used for?

Excipient used as a substitute for glycerin
Preservative
No CNS depressant activity

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When are solubilizers used as excipients?

If the API dose is large

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What do buffers do as excipients?

Control the pH of the solution

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What are common buffers?

Acetates, citrates, phosphates

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What do preservatives do as excipients?

Protect from microbes

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What are common preservatives?

Benzoic acids and salts, sorbic acids and salts, parabens

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What do viscosity enhancers do as excipients?

enhance the accuracy of measurements and increases palability

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What are common Viscosity enhancers?

CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose)

Sodium alginate

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What do antioxidants do as excipients?

They inhibit oxidation

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What are common antioxidants?

Potassium and sodium metabisulfite

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What do chelating agents do as excipients?

Bind to metals to inhibit oxidation

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What can aid in dissolution of a solute in a solvent?

Size reduction (increase in surface area)
Increase heat
Higher viscosity added to lower viscosity
Dissolve salts in water before adding
Volatile materials added last

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How are solutions classified?

Route of administrations

What vehicle do oral aqueous solutions use?

Water (purified)

What do oral solutions contain?

Active ingredients and inactive excipients

What are syrups?

Oral solutions that are concentrated aqueous solutions of sugar or sugar substitutes for bitter drugs

Why are syrups good?

They mask the taste of medicated syrups and are hyperosmolar so prevent microbial growth

What are elixers?

Clear hydroalcoholic oral solutions

How must elixers be stored?

Cool, tight, and light resistant containers because of alcohols and volatile oils

What are the advantages of elixers?

They can be used for insoluble drugs Self preserving Less viscous Less sugars

What are the disadvantages of elixers?

Not for children or people on antidepressants due to alcohol content May precipitate

What are mouthwashes?

Concentrated aqueous oral solutions with 1 or more inactive ingredients and excipients

What are the common APIs for mouthwashes?

``` Thymol Hexetidine Eucalyptol Menthol Chorhexidine gluconate ```

What are the common excipients for mouthwashes?

``` Alcohol Preservatives Humectants (glycerol and sorbitol) Antioxidants Chelating excipients Flavors and coloring agents ```

What are mouthwashes used for?

Treatment, diagnostic and cosmetic maintenance of the mouth/ gums

What are gargles?

Aqueous oral solutions that have antiseptics, antibiotics, and anesthetics for sore throats

TF: gargles have a high concentration of active ingredients?

True

TF: Gargles are NOT to be swallowed.

False

What are common gargles?

Betadine and chlorhexidine gluconate

What are opthalmic solutions?

Sterile solutions for eyes (conjuctiva and eyelids)

What are common forms of opthalmic liquids?

Eyedrops | Irrigation solutions

What are the solvents for eye drops?

Water for injection | Boric acid

What are otic solutions?

Small volumes of solutions used for the ear

What are the solvents in ear drops?

Glycerin Propylene glycol Polyethylene glycol Dehumidifying agents

What does propylene glycol do for ear drops?

Decrease surface tension | Increase drug contact time with affected area

What do dehumidifying agents do in ear drops?

Isopropyl alcohol is used to decrease the moisture content to prevent the spread and growth of bacteria

What type of otic solution is used as an active analgesic and local anesthetic?

Antipyrine and benzocaine otic solution

What are the common forms of nasal solutions?

Nasal drops or sprays

For what purposes are nasal solutions used for?

Local and systemic purposes in water and cosolvents

What are enemas?

Oily or aqueous solutions used rectally

What purposes are enemas used for?

Local Systemic Topical

What are the two types of external solutions?

Tinctures and liniments

What are tinctures?

Vegetable minerals or chemical substrates that have alcohol

What are liniments?

External solutions to be rubbed on the skin with friction and massaged onto the skin (not for broken skinO

Where can you find information about sterility of parenterals?

USP 797

TF: parenterals are pyrogen free?

True

What are the 5 classes of parenteral solutions?

``` Solutions Emulsions Liquid concentrations Suspensions Dry solids ```

What volume is considered a large parenteral ?

Single dose over 100 mL