Exam 3 Part 2 Flashcards
(56 cards)
1
Q
Physiological Changes Associated with Emotion
A
- changes occur through stimulation of the SNS, PSNS, and enteric nervous systems (HR, BP, cutaneous blood flow, piloerection, sweating, GI motility)
- different types of visceral activation occur depending on situation & subsequent emotional state
2
Q
Duchenne de Buologne –> electrical stim to certain facial muscles; 2 types of facial expressions
A
-electrical stim lead to production of facial expressions of emotion, but he was unable to completely recreate the emotional expression
- 2 types of facial expressions:
1. Duchenne smile = emotion triggered expression
2. Pyramidal smile = volitional expression
3
Q
Pathways of the 2 facial smiles: Duchenne & Pyramidal
A
- Duchenne - anterior cingulate cortex to the reticular formation via extrapyramidal tracts
- Pyramidal - from motor cortex via pyramidal tracts
4
Q
Facial expression –> then visceral/somatic motor component
A
-motor production of the voluntary facial expression triggers some of the pathways involved with producing an emotional state (visceral motor response)
5
Q
Physiological emotional responses can be triggered 2 ways:
A
- sensory drive from muscles and internal organ (rapid physiological change to a condition)
- forebrain complex stimuli not as rapid (hypothalamus –> brainstem reticular formation –> visceral/somatic nuclei) (anticipation of an event, suspensive part of movie
6
Q
Hypothalamus & Emotional Behavior (Sham rage)
A
- hypothalamus connections were intact = sham rage = no target for their anger and had both SNS and motor components of rage
- electrical stimulation to areas in the hypothalamus led to rage and attack responses
7
Q
- Subjective experience of emotion depends on _________, the expression of emotional behaviors depends on _____________.
- The pathways needed for emotion behaviors are located in the ________ and connected to ___________ structures.
- Involuntary motor system is/is not completely separate from the control of voluntary systems.
A
- cerebral cortex, does not
- diencephalon, brainstem
- is not
8
Q
Descending control of motional expression: 2 parallel systems
A
- Volitional movement - classic motor path
- Emotional expression - limbic centers & hypothalamus
- both have lateral and medial components
- lateral = specific behaviors
- medial = modifies and aids the stimulated behavior
9
Q
Limbic Functions (4) & structures involved
A
- homeostasis - hypothalamus
- olfaction - olfactory cortex
- memory - hippocampus
- emotion - amygdala
10
Q
Emotion aspects of limbic system consists of the following structures (5)
A
- limbic cortex - orbital & medial prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex
- amygdala
- diencephalon - mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus, hypothalamus
- basal ganglia
- parahippocampal gyrus - hippocampus
11
Q
Kluver Bucy Syndrome
A
- disruption of limbic system (temporal lobes), but can be evoked with the amygdala itself
- Exhibited behaviors: visual agnosia, odd oral behaviors, hyperactivity, hypersexuality, emotional behavior changes/docile behavior
12
Q
3 Groups in Amygdala- medial, basal lateral, central
A
Medial- connect with olfactory bulb & cortex for olfaction
Basal lateral- connect with frontal lobe, association cortex, basal forebrain, and medial thalamus
Central - hypothalamus, brainstem, autonomic control
*links areas involved with processing
13
Q
Input to Amygdala
A
- Sensory info pertaining to: visual, auditory, somatic sensory, visceral sensory, gustatory and olfactory from both cortex and directly from thalamus
- Prefrontal and temporal cortex: evaluate emotional importance of sensory stimuli and trigger appropriate behaviors
- Hippocampal formation: provide emotional aspect of our memories
14
Q
Out of Amygdala
A
- hypothalamus
- thalamus
- basal ganglia
- brainstem
- enables it to influence the activity of somatic and visceral motor systems
15
Q
Amygdala functions in all 4 areas of the limbic system
A
- emotion and drives (damage leads to Kluver Bucy Syndrome)
- autonomic control (visceral responses & neuroendocrinologic changes)
- memories
- olfaction
16
Q
Vision and Amygdala Experiment
A
- sensory experiences or stimuli combined with emotional significance
- vision + amygdala = emotional response to visual stimuli
- vision without amygdala = no emotional response to visual stimuli
- somatic stimuli from either side of the body triggered emotional response
- without amygdala, unable to associate visual stimuli with normal emotional response
17
Q
Conditioned Fear Response
A
conditioning that links a previous neutral stimulus with an aversive one
18
Q
Amygdala & Learning
A
- cut connection between medial cingulate nucleus and auditory cortex, then fear response is still triggered
- cut connection between medial cingulate nucleus and auditory cortex and amygdala, then no fear response triggered
19
Q
Link between amygdala and neocortex result in:
A
- influence reward and avoidance behaviors
- may provide emotional input into the development and planning of future actions
- provide feelings due to: awareness of emotional experience, emotional working memory that maintains neural activity related to the processing of an emotional experience
20
Q
Lateralization of Emotions: R vs. L
A
- Left: positive emotions; bigger and faster
- Right: negative emotions; emotional expression, auditory detection of speech emotion, emotional detection in facial expressions,
- R hemisphere is more involved with detection and expression of emotions than L hemisphere
21
Q
Emotion influences complex brain functions:
A
- rational decisions (provide mental picture)
- interpersonal judgements
- damage to parts of limbic system lead to: impaired emotional processing especially in a social situation, difficulty with decisions
22
Q
Emotional processing within the limbic system…
A
- alerts us of possible rewards/punishments
- triggers appropriate motor responses to obtain or avoid
- addiction stems from dysregulation of this system and elicit maladaptive behaviors
23
Q
Limbic Loop
A
amygdala, hippocampus, orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate, temporal cortex & dopamine from ventral tegmental area –> nucleus accumbens in ventral striatum –> ventral pallidum (tonic negative) –> mediodorsal nucleus in thalamus –> cortices
24
Q
Effects of drug abuse impact what 2 areas of limbic loop and do what 2 things
A
Areas of limbic loop - N.A. and VTA
Effects either:
- prolong action of dopamine in N.A.
- potentiate the activation of VTA/N.A. neurons and add activity
25
The contribution of dopamine stimuli to the basal ganglia system can be modulated by drug abuse through associate learning. Over time, the presence of the stimulus itself stimulates activity from VTA, not the actual reward. Conditioned responses...
- not conditioned: reward triggers response from VTA
- conditioned: appearance of stimuli that triggers response, presence of reward itself does do much
- conditioned: appearance of stimuli that triggers response, not given reward and neurons become depressed and decrease activity
- can cause maladaptive behaaviors
26
Addiction leads to (3)
1. smaller emotional reinforcement response to a less potent reward
2. intensifies the response to addictive drugs
3. reduces overall the baseline activity in the orbital-medial prefrontal cortex (might lead to a decrease in the strength of emotional signals on our decision making)
27
Affective Disorders
- abnormal regulation to feelings of sadness and happiness
- 10-25% in women, 5-12% in men
- neurological basis: heritability, abnormal blood flow in limbic regions
28
Depression: criteria, cause, drugs
-Criteria: exclusion of situational cause, feelings of sadness, despair of future, disordered eating/changes in weight, disordered sleep, inability to concentrate, inappropriate guilt, decreased pleasure, excessive thoughts of death, diminished interest in sex
-Cause: unknown
Drugs: affect release of catecholamines and serotonin - SSRI, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants
29
Shared Characteristics of Emotions
1. all have visceral motor changes (physiological response from body)
2. all have stereotyped somatic motor responses (ex: facial expression)
3. all invoke subjective experiences
30
Cognition comes from association cortices in what lobes?
parietal
frontal
temporal
31
Cortical Structure (Neocortex)
- 6 layers or laminae
- regional differences exist with different areas within the brain having different laminar features
- 50 to 52 Brodman's Areas
- different areas of input and output, same functions in same columns with distinct inputs, also have horizontal or lateral connections
32
Unique Aspects of Innervation to the Association Cortices: Thalamic or Relay Nuclei
1. Pulvinar- projects to parietal association cortex
2. Medial dorsal nuclei- projects to frontal association cortex
3. Anterior and Ventral Anterior nuclei
- info coming here has already been processed by other sensory areas
33
Corticocortical Connections- number/make up, 2 types of connections
- make up most of the input to the association cortices
| - have both ipsilateral corticocortical connections and interhemispheric connections
34
Subcortical Connections- where (4), contribute to (4)
Where: midbrain, reticular formation, brainstem, basal forebrain
Contributes to: learning, motivation, arousal, behavioral/psychiatric disorders
35
Parietal Association Cortex- controls what, deficits lead to what
Controls: attention (external & internal environmental stimuli), might also have a role in constructing spatial representations that guide our attention and movement
Deficit: apraxias --> contralateral neglect syndrome & Balint's syndrome
36
Apraxia- what is it
- no action
- individual unable to perform a task when asked even though: command is understood, willing to perform task, physically able to perform task, task may have already been learned
37
Contralateral Neglect Syndrome- what is it, left vs. right parietal cortex
-inability to respond to objects, stimuli, or even one's body presented to the side of the body opposite the lesion (usually left side neglect)
* Damage usually occurs to right parietal cortex because:
- left parietal cortex deals with attention only to the right and can be made up for by the right parietal cortex
- right parietal cortex deals with attention to both sides of the body and cannot be made up for by left parietal cortex
38
Balint's Syndrome- consists of
- damage to parietal cortex that leads to disruptions in one spatial frame or reference
- Consists of:
1. simultaneous agnosia- difficulty perceiving parts of a complex visual scene as a whole
2. optic ataxia- difficulty with visual guided reaching
3. ocular apraxia- difficulty with moving one's eyes toward an object
39
"Attention Neurons" in Parietal Cortex
- neurons in certain areas of the cortex activated when monkey attended to a target
- cortex has neurons that are stimulated specifically by behaviorally meaningful stimuli (more juice, more stimulation)
- strength of response reveals the amount of attention given to the stimuli
40
Temporal Association Cortex- involved with what, damage leads to, right vs. left temporal lobe damage
- Involved with recognition and identification of stimuli
- Damage leads to: agnosias- loss of ability to interpret sensory stimuli; have both a lexical (words/alphabet) and mnemonic (memory) aspect
- Right damage- difficulty recognizing faces and objects
- Left damage- difficulty with language related aspects
41
Prosopagnosia
- inability to identify and recognize faces
| - occurs with damage to right temporal lobe, esp. the inferior temporal cortex near the fusiform gyrus
42
How does facial recognition work?
- neurons that respond to facial features respond to one aspect of the face
- population coding
- different parts are then combined to determine the whole
43
Frontal Association Cortex: important for what, damages results in
- important for selection and planning of appropriate responses
- damage affects: selection, decision making, planning, execution, personality, restraint, disordered thought, perseveration
44
"Planning Neurons"- tests done to evaluate, performance of a learned motor sequence reveals what 2 things
- Delayed response task: increased activity of working memory
- Performance of a learned motor sequence reveals:
1. there are neurons involved with planning of movement sequences
2. there are neurons that encode aspects of the motor sequence
45
Location of language functions? Areas involved with symbolic representation?
Location: left frontal and temporal association cortices
Symbolic Representation:
- grammer = rules for using symbols
- syntax = arranging the symbols so they give meaning
- prosody = rhythm stress and pitch of speech which gives emotion
46
Language is a separate entity from: (3)
1. motor aspects of language
2. auditory aspects of language
3. visual aspects of language
47
Broca's and Wernicke's Areas?
```
Broca's = 44 and 45
Wernicke's = 22
```
48
Aphasia
takes away one's ability to speak, write and/or comprehend language, both verbal and written
- still have ability to perceive language and make words
- unable to use or recognize language appropriately
49
Broca's Aphasia vs. Wernicke's Aphasia
Broca's Aphasia: involves language production
- understand what you say, but can't respond appropriately
- motor or expressive aphasia
Wernicke's Aphasia: involves language comprehension
- able to talk and don't make sense, but can't understand what other are saying
- sensory or receptive aphasia
50
Broca's or Wernicke's Aphasia:
Fluent Speech/Halting Speech
Little spontaneous repetition/ tendency to repeat phrases or words
Disordered syntax/Syntax adequate
Comprehension intact/Comprehension not intact
Grammer adequate/Disordered grammer
Contrived or inappropriate words/Disordered structure of individual words
Broca's= halting speech, tendency to repeat phrases or words, disordered syntax, comprehension intact, disordered grammer, disordered structure of individual words
Wernicke's= fluent speech, little spontaneous repetition, syntax adequate, comprehension not intact, grammer adequate, contrived or inappropriate words
51
Conductive Aphasia: cause, what is it
- not as severe
- due to lesions of pathways connecting the temporal and frontal areas for language
- unable to respond appropriately to what one hears although the individual understood what was said
52
Confirmation of Lateralization: what lobe deals with language, split brain patients left brain vs. right brain
- left lobe deals with language
- split brain patients: left brain could name objects and able to respond to written instructions, right brain could not name objects/only describe in some cases and most were unable to respond to written instructions but could respond to pictorial instructions
53
Left vs. Right Hemisphere Functions: visual field, stereognosis to what hand, lexical and syntactic language/emotional coloring of language, spatial abilities/writing, rudimentary speech/speech
Left:
- right visual field
- stereognosis of right hand
- lexical and syntactic language
- writing
- speech
Right:
- left visual field
- stereognosis of left hand
- emotional coloring of language
- spatial abilities
- rudimentary speech
54
Conclusions from other studies
- language locations differ among individuals
- bilingual patients don't always use the same place in the cortex to store the name of an object
- other areas in both hemispheres are involved in word recognition and production
- appears to be aspects of the temporal lobe that deal with categories of meaning not individual words
55
Right Hemisphere: provides what to speech, deficits results in
- provides prosody to speech: rhythm and tonal variation, gives additional meaning to the word
- deficits called aprosodias: damage to areas in the R hemisphere that correspond to Broca's and Wernicke's locations in L hemisphere
56
Sign Language: regions, L hemisphere vs. R hemisphere lesions
- language regions of the brain are organized to process symbols important for social communication, not just for hearing and speaking
- L lesions = problems with sign production and communication
- R lesions = problems with emotional processing and tone
