Review

Question 1

Which stages of sleep are known as slow wave sleep?

Answer 1

III and IV

Question 2

Appearing in stage II sleep, what is the name for the intermittent high frequency spike clusters seen on EEG?

Answer 2

sleep spindles

Question 3

What is the name of the very low frequency, high amplitude fluctuations seen on EEG’s during stage IV sleep?

Answer 3

delta waves

Question 4

What neurons in the hypothalamus periodically inhibit circuits responsible for the awake state?

Answer 4

venterolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO)

Question 5

In what two electrophysiologic states can the thalamocortical neurons that are involved in modulation and integration of sleep information from the brainstem to the cortex be found?

Answer 5

1. intrinsic bursting

2. tonically active

Question 6

What structures coordinate the timing and direction of eye movements during REM?

Answer 6

1. paramedial pontine reticular formation (PPRF)

2. rostral interstitial nucleus

Question 7

First discovered in 1949, stimulation of a group of neurons near the junction of the pons and midbrain causes a state of wakefulness and arousal. What is the name of this region?

Answer 7

reticular activating system

Question 8

Name two nuclei that are involved in the neuronal basis of wakefulness.

Answer 8

1. chollinergic nuclei in the RAS
2. noradrenergic neurons in locus coeruleus
3. serotonergic neurons of the raphe nuclei
4. histamine containing neurons in teh tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)

Question 9

What enzyme converts testosterone to estradriol?

Answer 9

aromatase

Question 10

What is the scientific name for testicular feminization?

Answer 10

androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

Question 11

Which hypothalamic nuclei are specialized for the control of lactation?

Answer 11

1. paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

2. supraoptic nucleus (SON)

Question 12

Damage to what structure leads to hypersexuality?

Answer 12

amygdala

Question 13

To which sex hormone does alpha-fetoprotein attach?

Answer 13

estrogen

Question 14

What is the name of the syndrome in patient with XO genetic makeup?

Answer 14

Turner’s

Question 15

The neurons in which nucleus fire in advance of and during sexual intercourse?

Answer 15

SDN-POA (sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area)

Question 16

Which nucleus found in the sacral spinal cord is responsible for innervating the bulbocavernosus muscle?

Answer 16

Onuf’s nucleus

Question 17

Which nucleus found in the hypothalamus regulates the ovulatory cycle?

Answer 17

anteroventral paraventricular nucleus

Question 18

Featured in a film with Ryan Reynolds, which is the name for the intersexuality syndrome in patient with the genetic makeup of XXY?

Answer 18

Klinefelter’s

Question 19

What enzyme is defective in congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Answer 19

21-hydroxylase

Question 20

CN I Nucleus

Answer 20

nasal epithelium

Question 21

CN II Nucleus

Answer 21

retina

Question 22

CN III Nucleus

Answer 22

midbrain (Edinger-Westphal nucleus)

Question 23

CN IV Nucleus

Answer 23

midbrain

Question 24

CN V Nucleus

Answer 24

pons, trigeminal sensory ganglion

Question 25

CN VI Nucleus

Answer 25

midbrain

Question 26

CN VII Nucleus

Answer 26

pons (trigeminal ganglion, superior salivatory nuclei, facial motor nucleus)

Question 27

CN VIII Nucleus

Answer 27

spiral ganglion, vestibular (Scarpa's) ganglion

Question 28

CN IX Nucleus

Answer 28

nucleus ambiguus, inferior salivatory

Question 29

CN X Nucleus

Answer 29

dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, vagal nerve ganglion

Question 30

CN XI Nucleus

Answer 30

spinal accessory nucleus

Question 31

CN XII Nucleus

Answer 31

medulla

Question 32

During sleep, which stage on EEG tracings is very similar to those in an awake state?

Answer 32

REM