Exam 3: Patho of CNS disorders Flashcards by Brooke Thornburg

Overall structure of brain

-Forebrain (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic, diencephalon)
-Midbrain (SN)
-Hindbrain (medulla, pons, cerebellum)

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Hindbrain

-medulla
-pons
-cerebellum

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Medulla

-hindbrain
-autonomic functions
-respiration, cardiac, vasomotor responses, reflexes

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Pons

-hindbrain
-bridge from forebrain to cerebellum

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Cerebellum

-hindbrain
-little brain
-motor coordination for smooth movements
-undergoes neurodegeneration in spinocerebellar ataxias (jerky movements)

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Midbrain

-substantia nigra (SN)
-SN compacta and reticulata

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SN pars compacta

-input to basal ganglia
-supplies dopamine to striatum
-voluntary movement and some cognitive functions (spatial learning)
-undergoes neurodegeneration in PD

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SN pars reticulata

-output function
-relays signal from basal ganglia to thalmus

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Forebrain

-cortex
-basal ganglia
-limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus)
-diencephalon (hypo/thalmus)

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Cortex

-forebrain
-cerebrum
-processing and interpreting info
-executive function

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basal ganglia

-forebrain
-striatum (caudate and putamen), globus pallidus, subthalmic nucleus
-voluntary motor control and some cognitive function

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limbic system

-forebrain
-amygdala: emotions
-hippocampus: memory

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Diencephalon

-forebrain
-thalamus: relay to and from cortex
-hypothalamus: homeostasis, emotions, hormones (pituitary) and direct neural regulation

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Cortex and decision making

-info from environment passed through thalamus to cortex and back
-decisions made in CORTICO-THALAMIC loops abt how to interpret and act on incoming sensory info
-damage can affect movement, speech, personality
-schizophrenia is considered disease of frontal cortex

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Which of the following structures is directly involved in controlling involuntary functions?

A. Hypothalamus
B. Thalamus
C. Medulla Oblongata

A. Hypothalamus
C. Medulla

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KNow diagram structure of brain

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Glial cells

-astrocytes
-oligodendrocytes
-microglia

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astrocytes

-glial cells
-provide neurons w growth factors and antioxidants
-remove extra glutamate (excitotoxic NT)
-blood-brain barrier
-have extensions and feet wrap around blood vessels

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Oligodendrocytes

-glial cells
-produce myelin sheath
=insulate axons

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Microglia cells

-glial cells
-provide growth factors
-clear debris (myelin debris) by phagocytosis
-role in NEUROINFLAMMATION

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Blood-brain barrier

-stabilized by tight junctions in endothelial layer of blood vessels in brain
-drugs must be SMALL and HYDROPHOBIC (UNCHARGED)

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Neurotransmission

-release of synaptic vesicles from boutons into synaptic gap
-triggered by depolarization by influx of Na+ ions

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Polarized state of neuron

Study These Flashcards

-negative on inside
-positive on outside

Normal action potential

-resting potential -influx of Na = upstroke to overshoot -repolarization dec back to rest -hyperpolarization: dips below resting potential during repolarization -depolarization: brings potential back to resting state -lasts 0.2-0.5 ms

Refractory period

-hyperpolarized phase after repolarization where neuron won't fire again

Neuron Firing

-action potentials are all same magnitude -degree of activity determined by frequency of action potential -excitatory, depolarizing = inc freq -inhibitory, polarizing = dec freq

excitatory postsynaptic potential (ESP)

-induced by excitatory NTs -subthreshold depolarization peak -cant get above threshold to signal so it just dies out -excitatoty NTs let Na cross membrane -inc in strength of timulus will inc magnitiude of depolarization so that threshold can be achoeved?

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSPs)

-induced by inhibitory NTs -inhibitory NTs allow Cl ions across membrane =HYPERpolarization -IPSP can dec magnitude of subsequent EPSP

GRaphs

-slide 16-19

Slide 21 figure

NEED to know

By what mechanisms do drugs act on CNS

-(anta)gonists at synaptic receptors -target metabolism, reuptake, transport to glial cells

Common amino acid neurotransmittors

-GABA (inhibitory) -glycine (inhibitory) -glutamate (excitatory)

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

-inhibitory -amino acid NT -throughout brain -role in epilepsy, spasticity, addiction

GABA mech

-GABA(A) ion channel -GABA(B,C) GPCR -dec excitability by inc Cl influx into neuron

GABA plays a role in

-epilepsy -spasticity -addiction

drugs that interact w GABA pathways are usually:

-CNS depressants -sedative hypnotics (benzos, barbituates) -anticonvulsants -anxiolytics

Glycine

-inhibitory -amino acid NT -similar to GABA but in spinal cord

Glutamate

-excitatory -amino acid NT -throughout brain -role in epilepsy and schizophrenia -xs = neural damage

Glutamate receptors

-mGluR metabotropic GPCR -NMDA and AMPA ion channels

excess glutamate

-can cause neuronal damage by allowing xs Ca influx

Glutamate plays a role in

-epilepsy -schizophrenia

Non-amino acid NTs

-acetylcholine -dopamine -norepinephrine -serotonin

Acetylcholine

-basal forebrain, pons, cortex, basal ganglia -nicotinic (nAChR) and muscarinic M1-M5 (mAChR) receptors -cognitive function, nicotine dependence, movement disorders

Acetylcholine location

-basal forebrain -pons -cortex -basal ganglia

Acetylcholine plays a role in

-cognitive function/decline -nicotine dependence -movement disorders

ex of drug targetting acetylcholine

-cholinesterase inhibitors -Aricept for Alzheimer's

Dopamine

-midbrain (arise from SN, VTA) -D1-D5 and DAT (transporter) -schizophrenia, PD, addiction, depression, ADHD

Dopamine location

-midbrain -arise from ventral tegmental area (VTA) and SN)

Dopamine receptors

-D1-D5 GPCRs (1: Gs, 2: Gi) -dopamine transporter (DAT)

Dopamine plays role in

-schizophrenia (xs signaling) -parkinson's (loss of dopamine) -addiction (xs) -depression, ADHD

Drugs and dopamine

-block DAT = euphoria/addiction (cocaine, amphetamine) -antipsychotics are D2 ANTAgonists -use D1 and D2/D3 agonists to tx parkinsons

Norepinephrine

-pons (locus coeruleus) -a and B adrenergic receptors (GPCR) -NE transporter (NET) -memory, depression, addiction, pain

norepinephrine location

-arise from locus coeruleus in pons

NET inhibitors

-treat depression

Serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

-midbrain/pons (raphe nuclei) -14 GPCRs, 1 ion channel, 1 transporter (SERT) -depression, mood, schizophrenia -sleep, vigilance, mood, sexual function

Drugs that interact with 5-HT receptors

-5-HT2a ANTAgonists = atypical antipsychotics -SERT inhibitors for depression -5-HT2A AGONists are hallucinogens (LSD)

serotonin (5HT) location

-midbrain/pons -arise from raphe nuclei (group of cell bodies)

Exam 3: Patho of CNS disorders Flashcards

(58 cards)