Exam 3 Quizzies Flashcards
(479 cards)
1
Q
what are the classifications of scoliosis according to the Scoliosis Research Society?
A
magnitude, location, direction, etiology, structural scoliosis and non-structural scoliosis
2
Q
what does magnitude of scoliosis refer to?
A
the length and angle of the curve deviation on x-ray
3
Q
what is often used to measure the magnitude of scoliosis?
A
the Cobb Method
4
Q
what does location of scoliosis infer?
A
the location on the vertebral segment forming the apex of the curve deviation
5
Q
what does direction of scoliosis refer to?
A
the side the convexity of the curve will bend toward
6
Q
what does etiology of scoliosis mean?
A
the cause of the scoliosis
7
Q
what is structural scoliosis?
A
a more radical form of scoliosis, it may worsen, associated with structural deformities of the vertebra or intervertebral disc, frequently has a fixed angle of trunk rotation
8
Q
what is nonstructural scoliosis?
A
a mild form of scoliosis, unlikely to worsen, not associated with structural deformities of the vertebra or intervertebral disc and lacks a fixed angle of trunk rotation
9
Q
what are some of the classifications of scoliosis based on etiology?
A
congenital, neuromuscular, neurofibromatosis, nerve root irritation, idiopathic
10
Q
what is the classification of scoliosis that is unique to the individual patient?
A
idiopathic scoliosis
11
Q
what does idiopathic scoliosis infer?
A
the scoliosis is unique to the individual, it has no known cause unknown etiology
12
Q
what is the incidence of idiopathic scoliosis in the population?
A
1-4% of the population
13
Q
based on age of onset, what are the types of idiopathic scoliosis?
A
infantile, juvenile, and adolescent
14
Q
what is the age range for infantile idiopathic scoliosis?
A
from birth to 3 years old
15
Q
what is the age range for juvenile idiopathic scoliosis?
A
from 3-10 years old
16
Q
what is the age range for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?
A
over 10 years old
17
Q
identify curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis.
A
left thoracic, male, less than 1% incidence
18
Q
identify curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis.
A
right thoracic, females over 6 years old, and 12-21% incidence
19
Q
identify curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
A
right thoracic or right thoracic and left lumbar, females, and 80% incidence
20
Q
what are the transition zones of the vertebral column?
A
occipitocervical, cervicothoracic, thoracolumbar, lumbosacral, and sacrococcygeal zones
21
Q
what are the possible transition zone-segmental combinations?
A
- cervicalization of occiput, occipitalization of C1
- dorsalization of C7, cervicalization of T1
- lumbarization of T12, dorsalization of L1
- sacralization of L5, lumbarization of S1
- coccygealization of S5, sacralization of Co1
22
Q
what is/are the characteristic(s) of cervicalization of occiput?
A
an increase in occipital bone size, formation of new or larger lines, on the occipital bone
23
Q
what is/are the characteristic(s) of occipitalization of C1?
A
the atlas may be partially or completely fused to the occiput
24
Q
what is another way of implying occipitalization of C1?
A
atlas assimilation
25
what is the incidence of occipitalization of C1?
0.1-0.8%
26
when do the centers of ossification for the odontoid process first appear?
during the last trimester in utero
27
when do the bilateral ossification centers for the odontoid process fuse?
at or shortly after birth
28
what joint forms between the odontoid process ossification centers and the centrum of C2?
the subdental synchondrosis
29
ossification between the odontoid process and centrum joint of C2 first appears at what age?
4 years old
30
a joint between the odontoid process and centrum of C2 is last identified at what age?
7 years old
31
what is the name given to the condition in which the joint formed between the odontoid process and centrum of C2 persists beyond the age 7?
os odontoideum
32
what is the name given to the joint between the odontoid process and centrum of C2 which is still evident beyond age 7?
persistent subdental synchondrosis
33
what is the name given to the joint formed between the tip of the dens and the odontoid process centers of ossification?
tip of the dens synchondrosis
34
at what age will the tip of the dens center of ossification appear?
sometime in early adolescence
35
at what age will the tip of the dens fuse with the odontoid process?
before age 12
36
what is a terminal ossicle?
a persistence beyond age 12 of the joint formed between the tip of the dens and odontoid process center of ossification
37
what is a basilar impression?
persistence of the nonunion of the basilar and condylar parts of the chondrocranium such that the cartilage deforms due to the weight of the brain
38
what is a basilar invagination?
the upper cervical spine appears to be invaginated into the skull on x-ray analysis
39
what is/are the characteristic(s) of dorsalization of C7?
the addition of a rib and changes in superior articular facet orientation are typical
40
what is the incidence of rib-related changes following dorsalization of C7?
from 1/2 to 2 and 1/2 % of the population
41
what is the gender bias suggested in dorsalization of C7?
female
42
what alteration in C7 facet orientation may accompany dorsalization?
the superior articular facet of C7 may change from BUM to BUL; the inferior articular facet is unchanged
43
what alteration in C6 facet orientation may accompany dorsalization?
C6 inferior articular facet orientation changes from FoLD to to ForMeD; the superior articular facet is unchanged
44
what percent of the population may demonstrate thoracic-like features at C7?
up to 46%
45
what rib-related changes may accompany cervicalization of T1?
the first rib may decrease in mean relative length or become absent
46
what will result from fusion of a short rib to the T1 transverse process?
the transverse foramen
47
what T1 facet orientation changes may accompany cervicalization?
the superior articular facet may change from BUL to BUM; inferior articular facet is unchanged
48
what C7 facet orientation changes may accompany cervicalization?
the inferior articular facet may change from ForMeD to FoLD; superior articular facet is unchanged
49
what is the incidence of cervicalization of T1 in the population?
up to 28% of the population
50
what rib-related changes may accompany dorsalization of L1?
elongated bones shaped like ribs may appear
51
what is the incidence of lumbar ribs in the population?
over 7% of the population demonstrates lumbar ribs
52
what L1 facet orientation changes may accompany dorsalization?
the superior articular facet may change from concave-BUM to flat-BUL; inferior articular facet is unchanged
53
what T12 facet orientation changes may accompany dorsalization?
the inferior articular facet may change from convex-FoLD to flat-ForMeD; the superior articular facet is unchanged
54
what is the gender bias associated with dorsalization of L1?
males are 2-3 times more affected
55
what rib-related changes may accompany lumbarization of T12?
a significant shortening of the mean relative length of 113 mm of the 12th rib or it becomes basent
56
what T12 facet orientation changes may accompany lumbarization?
the superior articular facet may change from flat-BUL to concave-BUM; inferior articular facet is unchanged
57
what T11 facet orientation changes may accompany lumbarization?
the inferior articular facet may change from flat-ForMeD to convex-FoLD; superior articular facet is unchanged
58
what unique characteristics of lumbarization of S1 were stressed in class?
squaring of the vertebral body of S1 and flaring of the sacral ala
59
what is squaring of the vertebral body of S1?
the S1 vertebral body has similar anterior and posterior heights, hence a lack of wedging
60
what is flaring of the sacral ala?
the transverse process of the ala appears to elevate as though separating from the rest of the sacral ala
61
what is characteristic of sacralization of L5?
L5 may be partially or completely fused to the sacrum
62
what is the incidence of sacralization of L5 in the population?
41-85%
63
which segment demonstrates the greatest morphological variation along the spine?
L5
64
what is the incidence of variation within the sacrococcygeal region in the population?
up to 14%
65
what is characteristic of sacralization of Co1?
the premature fusion of Co1 to the sacrum
66
which of the muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer 1 of the true back?
trapezius and latissimus dorsi
67
which of the muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer 2 of the true back?
rhomboid major and minor
68
which muscles attaching to transverse processes represent layer 2 of the true back?
levator scapulae
69
the trapezius is innervated by what nerve?
spinal accessory nerve
70
what forms the spinal accessory nerve innervating the trapezius?
C1-C5 cord levels contribute to the spinal root
71
the latissimus dorsi is innervated by what nerve?
thoracodorsal nerve
72
what forms the thoracodorsal nerve innervating the latissimus dorsi?
ventral rami C6-C8
73
which of the muscles of the true back are innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve?
levator scapulae, rhomboid major and minor
74
what forms the dorsal scapular nerve?
ventral ramus C5
75
the levator scapula is innervated by what nerves?
dorsal scapular nerve (ventral ramus of C5) and branches from C3, C4 ventral rami
76
the rhomboid major is innervated by what nerves?
dorsal scapular nerve (dorsal ramus C5) and branches from C4 ventral ramus
77
the rhomboid minor is innervated by what nerves?
dorsal scapular nerve (dorsal ramus C5) and branches from C4 ventral ramus
78
what muscles lie just beneath the trapezius in the neck?
splenius capitis and cervicis
79
what does the word "splenius" mean?
Greek for bandage
80
what part of the vertebra forms the osseous origin for the splenius muscles?
spinous process
81
what is the innervation of the splenius capitis?
dorsal rami of middle cervical spinal nerves (C3-C5 cord levels)
82
splenius cervicis will attach to what location on the spine?
lateral mass of C1 and posterior tubercle of transverse process on C1-C4
83
what is the innervation of splenius cervicis?
dorsal rami of lower cervical spinal nerves (C5-C7 cord levels)
84
which muscles represent layer 4 of the true back?
erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles
85
which muscles are identified as erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles?
iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
86
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis lumborum?
spinous process of T11-T12, L1-L5, median sacral crest, lateral sacral crest
87
what is the insertion for the iliocostalis lumborum?
costal angles of the lower 6-9 ribs (rib 6- rib12 or rib 3- rib 12)
88
what is the innervation of the iliocostalis lumborum?
dorsal rami of lower thoracic and all lumbar spinal nerves
89
which subdivision of the iliocostalis muscle appears to have a reversal of origin-insertion?
iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum
90
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis thoracis?
none (costal angles of the lower 6-7 ribs; rib 5/6- rib 12)
91
what osseous part of the vertebral column serves as an insertion for the iliocostalis thoracis?
transverse process of C7
92
which subdivision of the iliocostalis primarily originates and inserts on ribs?
iliocostalis thoracis
93
what is the innervation of the iliocostalis thoracis?
dorsal rami of upper 6 thoracic spinal nerves (T1-T6 cord levels)
94
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis cervicis?
none
95
what is the innervation of the iliocostalis cervicis?
dorsal rami T1, T2 spinal nerves, sometimes C8 spinal nerve (C8, T1, T2 cord levels)
96
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis?
accessory process and transverse process of L1-L5, spinous processes of L3-L5 and median sacral crest S1-S3
97
which erector spinae muscle is attached to the accessory process?
longissimus thoracis
98
what is the innervation of the longissimus thoracis?
dorsal rami of all thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves (cord levels T1-T12, L1-L5)
99
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum?
accessory process and medial part of transverse process of L1-L5
100
what is the insertion for the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum?
posterior superior iliac spine of innominate bone
101
which subdivision of the longissimus muscles appears to have a reversal of origin-insertion?
longissimus thoracis pars lumborum
102
what is the innervation of the longissimus cervicis?
dorsal rami of C4-C8 and T1-T2 spinal nerves (C4-C8 and T1-T2 cord levels)
103
what is the innervation of the longissimus capitis?
dorsal rami of C1-C3 or C4 spinal nerves, (C1-C3 or C4 cord levels)
104
which erector spinae muscles attach to cervical articular processes?
longissimus cervicis and capitis
105
what is the innervation of the spinalis thoracis?
dorsal rami or all thoracic and upper lumbar spinal nerves
106
what is the innervation of the spinalis cervicis?
dorsal rami of all cervical spinal nerves (C1-C8 cord levels)
107
which muscles are identified as transversospinalis muscles?
semispinalis, multifidis, and rotators
108
based on the name of this group, what is the origin-insertion of the transversospinalis?
transverse process origin, spinous process insertion
109
how many vertebrae can be attached to a single segment by transversospinalis muscles?
as many as 9 vertebrae
110
what segment will represent the lowest attachment site for the spinalis thoracis?
T12
111
what is the innervation of the semispinalis thoracis?
dorsal rami of T1-T6 spinal nerves (cord levels T1-T6)
112
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis cervicis?
transverse tubercles of T1-T5 or T6 and articular processes of C4-C7
113
what is the innervation of the semispinalis cervicis?
dorsal rami of C6-C8 spinal nerves (cord levels C6-C8)
114
what osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis capitis?
transverse tubercles of C7, T1-T6 or T7 and articular processes of C4-C6
115
what is the innervation of the semispinalis capitits?
dorsal rami of C1-C6 spinal nerves (cord levels C1-C6)
116
the biventer cervicis is formed by the fusion of what muscles?
semispinalis capitis and spinalis capitis
117
what region subdivisions are now identified with multifidis muscles?
lumbar, thoracic, and cervical multifidis
118
which transversospinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine?
multifidis
119
what is the innervation of the classic multifidis?
dorsal rami of C3-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5 and S1 spinal nerves (cord levels C3-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, and S1)
120
contraction of multifidis cervicis will result in what movements?
alters the zygapophyseal capsular ligament response to load distribution
determines the cervical spine response to injury as evidenced by neck pain and is a significant contributor to postural control of the head and neck
121
which subdivision of multifidis may demonstrate a reversal of origin-insertion?
multifidis lumborum
122
contraction of multifidis lumborum will result in what movements?
lateral flexion and rotation of the lumbar spine, maintains the lumbar lordotic curve and prevents entrapment of lumbar zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement
123
which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin-insertion combination?
iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum, logissimus thoracis pars lumborum, and multifidis lumborum
124
what will replace muscles spanning one or two segmental levels in the cervicals and lumbars?
deep layers of the multifidis
125
which suboccipital muscle lacks an attachment to the skull?
obliquus capitis inferior
126
which nerve will innervate all suboccipital muscles?
dorsal ramus C1, suboccipital nerve
127
what is the origin of the obliquus capitis inferior?
C2 spinous process and lamina
128
what is the insertion of the obliquus capitis inferior?
transverse process of C1
129
contraction of obliquus capitis inferior will result in what movement?
turns the face to the side
130
an increase in the density of muscle spindles is most apparent in which suboccipital muscle?
obliquus capitis inferior
131
suboccipital muscle feedback relays to what additional locations in the brain?
extraocular nuclei of origin, primary visual cortex and vestibular nuclei
132
what is the result of communication between suboccipital muscles, visual centers and vestibular centers?
coordination of head and eye position
133
what is the proposed function of the suboccipital muscle group?
postural stabilizers of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints
134
which suboccipital muscles are known to attach to dura mater?
rectus capitis poserior major and minor and obliquus capitis inferior
135
interspinalis is paired in which regions of the spine?
cervical and lumbar regions
136
based on the density of muscle spindles, what is the proposed function of the interspinalis?
acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with intertransversarii to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture
137
intertransversarii are paired in which region(s) of the spine?
cervical and lumbar regions
138
which muscle group is innervated by both dorsal rami and ventral rami of spinal nerves?
intertransversarii
139
based on the density of muscle spindles, what is the proposed function of the intertransversarii?
acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with interspinalis to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture
140
what is the origin of the longus colli?
vertebral bodies of C5-C6, T1-T3 and anterior tubercles of transverse processes C3-C5
141
what will innervate the longus colli?
ventral rami of C2-C6 or C7 spinal nerves
142
what is the insertion of the longus capitis?
basilar part of the occipital bone
143
what will innervate the longus capitis?
ventral rami of C1-C3 spinal nerves
144
what is the origin of the rectus capitis anterior?
lateral mass and costal element of the transverse process of C1
145
what will innervate the rectus capitis anterior?
ventral rami of C1-C2 spinal nerves
146
what is the insertion of the rectus capitis lateralis?
jugular process of the occipital bone
147
what will innervate the rectus capitis lateralis?
ventral rami of C1-C2 spinal nerves
148
what is the insertion of the anterior scalene?
ridge and anterior scalene tubercle of the first rib
149
what will innervate the anterior scalene?
ventral rami C2-C6 spinal nerves
150
what is the insertion of the middle scalene?
between the tubercle and groove for the subclavian artery on the first rib
151
contraction of middle scalene will result in what movements?
laterally flex the neck; elevate the first rib
152
what will innervate the middle scalene?
ventral rami C3-C8 spinal nerves
153
what will innervate the posterior scalene?
ventral rami C6-C8 spinal nerves
154
the quadratus lumborum is implicated in the formation of which ligament?
iliolumbar ligament
155
what osseous part of the vertebral column serves as an origin to the quadratus lumborum?
transverse process of L5
156
what will innervate the quadratus lumborum?
ventral rami T12 and L1-L3 sometimes L4 spinal nerves
157
what is the origin of the psoas major?
vertebral bodies T12, L1-L5, S1 and transverse processes of L1-L5
158
what will innervate the psoas major?
primarily ventral rami of L2 and L3, may include ventral rami of L1 and L4 spinal nerves
159
what is the origin of the psoas minor?
vertebral bodies T12 and L1
160
what will innervate the psoas minor?
ventral ramus of L1 spinal nerve
161
what will innervate the iliacus?
femoral nerve, primarily ventral rami of L2 and L3
162
what will innervate the levator costarum brevis?
dorsal rami of T1-T12 spinal nerves
163
what will innervate the levator costarum longus?
dorsal rami of the lower thoracic spinal nerves
164
what will innervate the serratus posterior superior?
ventral rami of T2-T5 spinal nerve... intercostal nerve
165
what will innervate the serratus posterior inferior?
ventral rami of T9-T11 spinal nerve, intercostal nerve
| and ventral ramus of T12 spinal nerve, subcostal nerve
166
the ligamentous sacro-iliac joints (or most of the ligamentous joints of the vertebral column) are examples of which joint classification?
syndesmosis
167
what are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?
articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage, and synovial fluid
168
what is the generic function of ligaments?
stimulate reflex contraction of muscles around the joint
169
what are the characteristics of the type 1 articular receptors?
located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint "at rest"
170
what are the characteristics of the type 2 articular receptors?
located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble Pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal ROM
171
what are the characteristics of type 3 articular receptors?
present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble Golgi tendon organs, not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion
172
what is the function of type 4 articular receptors?
nociceptive, they monitor pain
173
type 4a articular receptors would be present in what locations?
fibrous capsule, articular fat pads or adventitia of blood vessels
174
type 4b articular receptors would be present in what locations?
accessory ligamentsin general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine
175
what are the 3 modifications of articular synovial membrane?
1. synovial villi
2. articular fat pads or Haversian glands
3. synovial menisci and intra-articular discs
176
what is the apparent function of synovial villi?
increase the surface of synovial membrane available for secretion-absorption phenomena
177
articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column?
lumbar zygapophyses
178
what are the specific functions of type A synovial cells?
phagocytic
179
what are the specific functions of type B synovial cells?
secrete proteinaaceous substances and hyaluronic acid
180
which collagen fiber type predominates in articular cartilage?
type 2
181
what is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?
form a network for water retention
182
what is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?
cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time independent property
183
what is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?
cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property
184
what are the properties of synovial fluid?
it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline and tastes salty
185
what is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)?
within the simple joint of the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or meniscus
186
what morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as nonaxial?
plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)
187
what morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial?
hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) and pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)
188
what morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial?
(diarthrosis) bicondylar, (diarthrosis) condylar, (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal, and saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
189
what morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial?
ball and socket (diarthrosis enarthrosis, spheroidal, cotyloid)
190
diarthrosis ginglymus joints are commonly called ______ joints based on action.
synovial hinge
191
diarthrosis trochoid joints are commonly called _______ joints based on action.
synovial pivot
192
what are the common ligaments of the vertebral column?
those ligaments commonly found between vertebral couples from C2/3 to L4/5
193
what is the maximum number of common ligaments identified with a vertebral couple?
8
194
what is the reason that 9 common ligaments are identified but only 8 will attached at any specific vertebral couple?
ligamentum nuchae and supraspinous ligaments attach to the spinous tubercles, but only one of these will be identified at a single vertebral couple
195
in the fetus, which vertebral levels will demonstrate intervertebral discs?
those between C2 and Co1 inclusive
196
what is the number of true intervertebral discs identified in the adult?
23
197
in the adult, which vertebral levels will demonstrate a true intervertebral disc?
those between C2 and S1 inclusive
198
what is the percent of intervertebral disc height contribution to the length of each region of the vertebral column?
cervical: 22-25%
thoracic: 20%
lumbar: 33%
199
what is the effect of aging on the intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus?
it becomes more fibrous as water and proteoglycan concentrations diminish
200
what is the cervical nucleus pulposus composed of?
fibrocartilage
201
what is the consequence of non-aggregated glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar nucleus pulposus?
nucleus pulposus will lost water under deformation conditions
202
what cells are associated with the nucleus pulposus until about age 11?
notochord cells
203
what type of collagen is dominant in the nucelus pulposus?
type 2 collagen
204
what is unusual about the cervical annulus fibrosus?
it lacks any lamellar or layered organization
205
what is the appearance of the cervical annulus fibrosus?
a horse-shoe with the anterior margin thick and the lateral margins tapering to the uncinate processes; the posterior margin is thin
206
what is the organization of the lumbar annulus fibrosus?
it has 12-14 concentric cylindrical lamellae
207
what is the consequence of aggregated glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar annulus fibrosus?
the annulus fibrosus will retain water under deformation conditions
208
which type of collagen is dominant in the annulus fibrosus?
collage type 1
209
what is the organization pattern for collagen fibers in the annulus fibrosus?
they are parallel with one another in a single lamellus and angled
210
what is the organization of collagen fibers between lamellae?
collagen fibers will be angled in the opposite direction such that a spiral- couterspiral organization is observed
211
what is the average angle of collagen fibers within the annulus fibrosus?
they average 50-60 degrees
212
what is the principal type of collagen fiber within the cartilage end plate?
type 2 collagen fiber
213
what is the direction of collagen fibers within the cartilage end plate?
collagen fibers are aligned anterior to posterior
214
what cell type is associated with the cartilage end plate?
chondrocytes
215
what is the earliest indicator of intervertebral disc pathology or degeneration?
changes in the histology of the cartilage end plate
216
what part of the intervertebral disc is the "growth plate"?
the transition zone
217
what part of the intervertebral disc is innervated?
the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus
218
what are the types of receptor endings in the intervertebral disc?
nociceptors and proprioceptors
219
what is the relationship between size of the intervertebral disc and receptor endings?
the larger the disc, the greater the variety of receptor endings
220
what is the proposed function of receptor ending density in the anterior part of the intervertebral disc?
they provide feedback during extension
221
what forms the posterior neural plexus of the vertebral column?
the sinu-vertebral nerve
| sinus vertebral nerve, recurrent meningeal nerve
222
what forms the anterior neural plexus of the vertebral column?
fibers from the ventral primary ramus
223
what is the name given to the white ramus communicans which becomes embedded within the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc?
the paradiscal ramus communicans
224
what innervates the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus at the lateral part of the intervertebral disc?
fibers from the ventral primary ramus, white ramus communicans, paradiscal ramus communicans, gray ramus communicans
225
what structure is formed following migration of sclerotomes to surround the notochord?
the perichordal blastema
226
what is formed within the perichordal blastema between the sclerotomites?
the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner
227
what does the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner becomes?
the perichordal disc
228
what part of the intervertebral disc will the notochord form?
the nucleus pulposus
229
what part of the intervertebral disc will the perichordal disc form?
the annulus fibrosus
230
what is the earliest indicator of the position of the adult intervertebral disc?
the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner
231
what vertebral levels will the anterior longitudinal ligament attach to?
those between occiput and S3 inclusive are traditionally indicated
232
what is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?
brakes or limits dorsi-flexion or hyperextension of the vertebral column
233
what was ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region identified as?
Forestier's Disease
234
anterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the lumbar region is now identified as _____?
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis or DISH
235
what vertebral levels will the posterior longitudinal ligament attach to?
those between C2 and S3 inclusive are traditionally indicated
236
newer research suggests what regional variation in the posterior longitudinal ligament?
prominent in the cervicals, occasional in the thoracics, rate in the lumbars
237
what is the relationship of the posterior longitudinal ligament to the vertebral foramen?
it forms the anterior boundary of the spinal cord
238
what is the appearance of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar spine?
hourglass shaped along its lateral margins
239
where is ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament most commonly identified?
cervical spine with an 80% incidence
240
what is the clinical sign of posterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the cervical spine?
a loss of hand and finger dexterity
241
what is the clinical sign of posterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the lumbar spine?
faltering gait
242
what is the gender, age, and ethnic bias associated with ossification of the PLL?
greater in Japanese males over 50
243
what is the acronym for ossification of the PLL?
OPLL
244
at one time ossification of the PLL was an example of what condition?
DISH
| Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyerostosis
245
what vertebral levels will the ligamentum falvum be attached to?
between C2 and S1 inclusive are traditionally indicated
246
what are the specific bony attaching sites for the ligamentum flavum?
the laminae
247
what will the ligamentum flavum attach to in addition to the lamina?
they may blend with the capsular ligament of the zygapophysis
248
what is the name given to the ligamentum flavum based on appearance and histology?
yellow elastic ligament
249
what fibers are most ligaments made up of?
type 1 collagen fibers which are whitish in appearance
250
what is the color of most ligaments in the body?
whitish
251
what is now thought to be a major function of the ligamentum flavum?
early prime factor in extension of the vertebral column
252
where is ossification of the ligamentum flavum most common identified?
thoracic spine or thoracolumbar transition zone
253
what is the acronym for ossification of the ligamentum flavum?
OLF
254
what is the relationship between the capsular ligament and mobility?
the more lax/loose the capsular ligament is, the greater the motion of the joint
255
what regions of the vertebral column demonstrate the greatest laxity of capsular ligaments?
the cervical and thoracic regions
256
what layers are present in the capsular ligament?
superficial layer of collagen fibers and a deep layer of elastic fibers
257
the capsular ligament may blend with which other common ligament?
ligamentum flavum
258
what muscle will blend with the capsular ligament posteriorly?
multifidis
259
what is the pattern of innervation for the zygapophysis capsular ligament?
typically innervated by 3 spinal nerves
260
if the zygapophyseal capsular ligament is not significantly involved in restricting motion, what is its' function?
it is probably involved in proprioceptive feedback to the muscles stabilizing the vertebral couple during movement
261
what vertebral levels will the interspinous ligament be attached to?
those between C2 and S1 inclusive are traditionally indicated
262
what is the status of the human interspinous ligament compared with other common ligaments?
they are poorly developed as ligaments although collagen fibers are present
263
what is the status of the cervical interspinous ligament?
lacking, poorly developed, or simply considered the deep anterior part of the ligamentum nuchae
264
what is the status of the lumbar interspinous ligament?
broad and thick with three layers identified from anterior to posterior
265
what is the classic function of the interspinous ligament?
brakes or limits flexion of the vertebral column
266
what is now thought to be a major function of the interspinous ligament?
more likely a proprioceptive transducer for the spinal reflex
267
what will the ligamentum nuchae be attached to?
the EOP, external occipital crest, posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1, spinous tubercles between C2 and C7 inclusive are traditionally indicated
268
what is the name given to the superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae?
funicular layer or part
269
what is the name given to the deep layer of the ligamentum nuchae?
lamellar layer or part
270
what are the attachment sites for the superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae?
EOP, external occipital crest, and spinous tubercle of C7
271
what is the histological make-up of the ligamentum nuchae in quadrupeds?
yellow elastic ligament
272
what is the primary yellow elastic or elastic ligament of the spine?
ligamentum flavum
273
what will the supraspinous ligament be attached to?
spinous tubercles along the vertebral column from C7 to sacrum
274
what is the termination level inferiorly for the supraspinous ligament according to current literature?
primarily at L4 (73%); between L4 and L5 (5%)
275
where is the supraspinous ligament said to be best developed?
lumbar spine
276
what is now thought to be a major function of the supraspinous ligament?
proprioceptive transducer for the spinal reflex
277
what will the intertransverse ligament be attached to?
transverse tubercles and transverse process of adjacent vertebrae along the vertebral column from C1 to L5
278
what is the status of the cervical intertransverse ligament?
said to be paired with an anterior and posterior intertransverse ligament present
279
what is the status of the lumbar intertransverse ligament?
well developed with two parts identified, ventral and dorsal slip
280
what part of the lumbar intertransverse ligament covers the intervertebral foramen?
ventral slip
281
what part of the intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine divides the body wall into an anterior muscular compartment and a posterior muscular compartment?
dorsal slip
282
what are the attachment sites of the anterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
upper margin of the anterior arch of C1 and to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum
283
what is the median thickening of the anterior atlanto-occipital ligament called?
anterior longitudinal ligament
284
what is the classic function of the anterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
brakes or limits "extension" of the skull over the cervical bone
285
what is the classic function of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
brakes or limits axial rotation, flexion, and perhaps lateral bending of the skull on atlas
286
what amount of flexion-extension is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?
about 25 degrees
287
what amount of axial rotation is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?
3-8 degrees one side axial rotation
288
what amount of lateral bending is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?
about 5 degrees
289
which motion is best accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?
flexion-extension
290
what are the joint surfaces of the median atlanto-axial joint at the anterior bursa?
fovea dentis of C1 and facet for fovea dentis of C2
291
what are the joint surfaces of the median atlanto-axial joint at the posterior bursa?
groove for the transverse atlantal ligament of C2 and the transverse atlantal ligament
292
what ligament is formed by the transverse atlantal ligament and its perpendicular extension?
cruciate ligament or cruciform ligament
293
what is the function of the transverse atlantal ligament?
primary stabilizer of the atlanto-axial joint restricting the distance of C2 from the anterior arch of C1
294
what is the ADI?
Atlanto-Dental Interspace, a radiographic distance between the surface of the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint
295
what is the ADI of children compared with that of adults?
```
children= 4.5 mm
adults= range of 2-3 mm or about 2.5 mm
```
296
what are the characteristics of the capsular ligament of the lateral atlanto-axial joint?
lax or loose and demonstrates a meniscoidal fold within the joint cavity
297
where is accessory atlanto-axial ligament observed?
anterior to the membrane tectoria/tectorial membrane
298
what are the attachment sites for the accessory atlanto-axial ligament?
base of the odontoid process and vertebral body of axis to the tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament on the lateral mall of C1;
superior continuation may attach on the occipital bone just behind that of the alar ligament
299
what ligament forms the posterior boundary of the spinal canal at the C1/C2 vertebral couple?
posterior atlanto-axial ligament
300
what are the degrees of movement facilitated at the atlanto-axial joint?
about 20 degrees flexion-extension
40 degrees one side axial rotation
5 degrees of lateral bending
301
the occiput-C1-C2 joint complex accounts for what percent of all cervical axial rotation?
about 60%
302
what name is given to the occipital-C2 region of the spine?
craniovertebral junction
303
what ligaments are present at the occipito-axial joint?
apical ligament of the dens/apicodental ligament, alar ligament and membrana tectoria/tectorial membrane
304
what ligament attaches to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum and the tip of the odontoid process of C2?
the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament
305
embryologically, what forms the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament?
the notochord
306
what is the function of the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament?
has no know function
307
what ligament attaches to the posterolateral part of the odontoid process of C2 and to surfaces on the medial border of the occipital condyle or as far anterior as the anterolateral margin of the foramen magnum?
alar ligament
308
what is the function of the alar ligament?
together they function to resist axial rotation
309
what forms the cranial continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane
310
what ligament is anterior to the dura mater of the medulla oblongata-spinal cord junction?
membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane
311
what is the function of the membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane?
resists flexion and extension of the skull on the upper cervical spine
312
list, in order, the ligaments in a midsagittal plane from the dura mater at the level of the medulla oblongata to the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint.
1. membrane tectoria/tectorial membrane
2. cruciate ligament
3. capsular ligament of the posterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint
4. apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament
313
for the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of flexion-extension?
about 90 degrees or about 18 degrees per couple
314
for the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of one side lateral bending?
about 50 degrees or about 10 degrees per couple
315
for the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of one side axial rotation?
about 33 degrees or about 6 degrees per couple
316
what are the joint surfaces of the costocentral joint of the first, 11th, and 12th ribs?
the superior costal facet on the vertebral body of T1, T11, or T12 and the articular surface of the head of the first, 11th or 12th rib
317
an intra-articular ligament will be identified with which ribs?
ribs 2-9
318
at what rib will the superior costotransverse ligament be absent?
1st rib
319
what ligaments will attach to the neck of the 12th rib?
superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1
320
which ribs will have an attachment from the inferior costotransverse ligament?
rib 1- rib 11
321
which ligament "fills" the costotransverse foramen?
inferior costotransverse ligament
322
which vertebrae will have an attachment for the lateral costotransverse ligament?
T1-T11
323
at what rib will the lateral costotransverse ligament be absent?
12th rib
324
which vertebral couples of the thoracic spine have the greatest motion?
T11/T12 and T12/L1
325
which range of motion is greatest for lower thoracic vertebral couples?
flexion-extension
326
which range of motion is least for lower thoracic vertebral couples?
one side axial rotation
327
which ligaments replace the intertransverse ligament at the lumbosacral joint?
iliolumbar and lumbosacral ligament
328
what muscle is intimately attached to the superior iliolumbar ligament?
quadratus lumborum
329
which of the current ligaments from the iliolumbar complex represents the iliolumbar ligament of classical descriptions?
superior iliolumbar ligament
330
which ligament from the iliolumbar ligament complex represents the lumbosacral ligament classical descriptions?
inferior iliolumbar ligament
331
which vertebral couple of the lumbar spine has the greatest range of motion?
L5/S1
332
which range of motion is least for L1-L5 vertebral couples?
one side axial rotation
333
which range of motion is least for the L5/S1 vertebral couple?
one side lateral bending
334
what ligament represents the continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament at the sacrococcygeal joint?
deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
335
list, in order, from cranial to caudal the ligaments forming the anterior boundary of the spinal canal.
1. membrana tectoria
2. PLL
3. deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
336
what ligament represents the homolog of the ligamentum flavum at the sacrococcygeal joint?
superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
337
list, in order, from cranial to caudal the ligaments forming the posterior boundary of the spinal canal.
1. posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
2. posterior atlanto-axial ligament
3. ligamentum flavum
4. superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
338
what is homolog of the intertransverse ligament at the sacrococcygeal joint?
lateral sacrococcygeal ligament
339
what is homolog of the capsular ligament at the sacrococcygeal joint?
intercornual ligament
340
what is the auricular surface of the sacrum composed of?
true articular cartilage, a modification of hyaline cartilage
341
what is the auricular surface of the ilium composed of?
articular cartilage, interspersed with fibrocartilage
342
which gender has greater unevenness of the auricular surface of the sacro-iliac joint?
males
343
what forms the accessory sacro-iliac joint?
the sacral tuberosity and iliac sulcus
344
what pathological or age related modification of the sacro-iliac joint may occur?
degenerative arthrosis and ankylosis
345
what is the age and surface bias associated with degenerative arthorsis of the sacro-iliac joint?
age 40, iliac auricular surface
346
what is the age and gender bias associated with ankylosis of the sacro-iliac joint?
age 50 and male bias particularly n African American males
347
which is the strongest of the sacro-iliac ligaments?
interosseous sacro-iliac ligament
348
what passes between the layers of the interosseous sacro-iliac ligament?
dorsal rami from the sacral spinal plexus
349
what ligament blends with the lateral border of the long posterior sacro-iliac ligament?
sacrotuberous ligament
350
what is formed by the continuation of the sacrotuberous ligament along the ischial ramus?
the falciform process
351
what separates the greater sciatic and lesser sciatic foramina?
the sacrospinous ligament
352
what vertebral levels correspond to the position of the manubrium sterni?
T3-T4
353
what separates the manubrium sterni and the corpus sterni?
manubriosternal symphysis
354
what vertebral levels correspond to the position of the corpus sterni?
T5-T9
355
how many sternabrae form the corpus sterni?
4 sternabrae
356
what surface feature on the corpus sterni identifies the location of the synchondroses?
transverse lines
357
what articular sites for the costal cartilage of ribs will be identified on the corpus sterni?
costal notches II-VII
358
what feature of the corpus sterni is present in 4-7% of the population?
a sternal foramen
359
what are the primary parts of the vertebral end of a typical rib?
the head, neck, and tubercle
360
what attaches to the crest of the neck of the rib?
superior costotransverse ligament
361
what attaches to the non-articular surface of the tubercle of a rib?
the lateral costotransverse ligament
362
what features may be identified on the body (corpus or shaft) of a typical rib?
the costal angle and costal groove
363
what attaches to the costal angle of a rib?
iliocostalis muscle and thoracolumbar aponeurosis/fascia
364
what attaches to the scalene tubercle of the first rib?
anterior scalene muscle
365
which groove on the body (corpus or shaft) of the first rib is close to the vertebral end?
the groove for the subclavian artery and the first thoracic nerve
366
which groove on the body of the first rib is close to the sternal end?
groove for the subclavian vein
367
is either the costal angle or costal groove apparent on the first rib?
neither the costal angle not costal groove are apparent on the first rib
368
what does the interarticular ligament of the head of the second rib joint with?
the interarticular crest on the head of the second rib and the intervertebral disc between T1 and T2
369
what specifically will attach to the crest of the neck of the second rib?
superior costotransverse ligament from the transverse process of T1
370
what specifically attaches to the back of the neck of the second rib?
inferior costotransverse ligament from the transverse process of T2
371
what specifically attaches to the non-articular surface of the tubercle of the second rib?
lateral costotransverse ligament from the transverse tubercle of the T2
372
what unique feature is present on the body of the second rib?
tuberosity for the serratus anterior
373
what features are identified on the body of rib 10?
costal angle and costal groove
374
what features may be present on the body of the 11th rib?
costal angle and costal groove are under-developed
375
what are the classifications of rib 3-7 in the typical adult skeleton?
typical ribs, true ribs, costa verae, and vertebrosternal ribs
376
what are the classifications of ribs 1 and 2 in the typical adult skeleton?
atypical, true ribs, costa verae, vertebrosternal ribs
377
what are the classification of ribs 8 and 9 in the typical adult skeleton?
typical ribs, false ribs, costa spuriae, vertebrochondral ribs
378
what are the classifications of rib 10 in the typical adult skeleton?
atypical ribs, false ribs, costa spuriae, vertebrochondral ribs
379
what are the classifications of ribs 11 and 12 in the typical adult skeleton?
atypical ribs, false ribs, costa spuriae, vertebral ribs
380
what are the examples of the typical syndesmosis from the vertebral column?
most of the ligamentous joints of the vertebral column and anterior thorax
381
which cartilage joint forms between ossification centers within a cartilage template?
(amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis
382
what classification of cartilage joint is primary, temporary, and composed of hyaline cartilage?
(amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis
383
what are examples of a permanent (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?
costochondral joints of the first sternochondral joint
384
which cartilage joint occurs between bones formed by endochondral ossification?
(amphiarthrosis) symphysis
385
what are the characteristics of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?
limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification
386
which ribs demonstrate costochondral joints?
all 12 ribs
387
what are the joint surfaces of the costochondral joint?
costal cartilage with the sternal end of each rib
388
what is the joint classification of the costochondral joint?
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis
389
what is the sternocostal or sternochondral joint?
the joint between the costal cartilage and the costal notches of the sternum
390
what ribs will participate in the sternocostal or sternochondral joint?
rib 1-7
391
what is the classification of the first sternocostal or sternochondral joint?
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis
392
what is the classification the second-seventh sternocostal or sternochondral joint?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
393
which of the sternocostal or sternochondral ligaments is unique to the second sternocostal or sternochondral joint?
the intra-articular ligament
394
what joint classification is associated with the intra-articular ligament of the second sternocostal or sternochondral joint?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
395
what is the classification of the 6th-9th interchondral joints?
synovial plane (diarthorsis arthordia)
396
what is the classification of the 5th-6th or 9th to 10th interchondral joint?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
397
which costal cartilages fail to form a joint at their sternal end?
11th and 12 costal cartilages
398
how many primary centers of ossification appear in the manubrium?
1-3 centers have been identified
399
how many primary centers of ossification appear in the corpus sterni?
typically 6
400
what are the locations of the primary centers of ossification in the corpus sterni?
one in each of the first two sternabrae and bilateral centers in the last two sternabrae
401
in what part of the sternum will a secondary center of ossification appear?
the xiphoid process
402
in what part of the rib will primary centers of ossification appear?
body (corpus, shaft)
403
in what parts of the rib will secondary centers of ossification appear?
head, articular and non-articular surface of the tubercle
404
which ribs will demonstrate primary centers of ossification for the body?
all ribs (1-12)
405
which ribs will demonstrate secondary centers of ossification?
ribs 1-10
406
how does rib 1 differ in ossification centers from typical ribs?
rib 1 has two secondary centers of ossification: one for the head and one for the tubercle; typical ribs have three secondary centers of ossification
407
how do ribs 11 and 12 differ in ossification centers from typical ribs?
ribs 11 and 12 do not have secondary centers of ossification
408
what are the four subclassifications of synarthrosis joints based on Latin groupings?
suture, gomphosis, schindylesis, and syndesmosis
409
what are the characteristics of sutura vera (true sutures)?
sutures demonstrating interlocking of the adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by intramembranous ossification
410
what are the characteristics of sutura notha (false sutures)?
sutures lacking interlocking of adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by endochondral ossification
411
which sutures will interlock and overlap at their edges?
limbous sutures
412
what sutures demonstrate non-interlock, but will overlap at their edges?
squamous sutures
413
which sutures will neither interlock not overlap at their edges?
harmonia sutures
414
what is the classification of a joint with a "fissure-like" condition?
schindylesis
415
what are the typical examples of the plane suture or harmonia suture?
cruciate suture made up of the intermaxiallry, interpalatine and palato-maxillary sutures
416
what are the examples of the gomphosis joint?
maxilla- root of tooth; mandible- root of tooth
417
what forms a bullet-like chin?
a large mental protuberance
418
what forms an indented chin?
well developed bilateral mental tubercles and a slight mental protuberance
419
what is the tip of the external occipital protuberance called?
inion
420
what is the name of the linear elevation lateral to the EOP?
superior nuchal line
421
what is the appearance of suture intersections just above the zygomatic arch called?
pterion
422
what points on the skull are used to measure the skull size?
nasion, vertex, inion, and gnathion
423
what points on the skill are used to measure cranial vault capacity?
nasion vertex, and inion
424
what is the appearance of the suture intersections over the hard palate called?
cruciate or cruciform suture
425
what is the posterior boundary of the anterior cranial fossa?
a line drawn along the lesser wing of the sphenoid, anterior clinoid processes, and sphenoidal jugum
426
what ostia are observed in the anterior cranial fossa?
cribriform plate, anterior and posterior ehtmoid formina and foramen cecum
427
what passes through the cribriform plate?
fila olfactoria of cranial nerve I, the olfactory nerve
428
what is the posterior boundary of the middle crania fossa?
superior border of petrous part of temporal bone, posterior clinoid processes and dorsum sella of sphenoid bone
429
what prominent parts of the brain rest on the middle cranial fossa?
temporal poles of temporal lobes of cerebrum, hypophyseal cerebri, optic chiasm
430
what bony feature is prominent in the median place of the middle cranial fossa?
sella turcica
431
which cranial nerves exit the skull via middle cranial fossa ostia?
cranial nerves II, III, IV, V, and VI
432
what are the contents of the optic canal?
the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery
433
what are the contents of the superior orbital fissure?
ophthalmic veins, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, and the abducent nerve
434
the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve exits the middle cranial fossa via which opening?
the foramen rotundum
435
what are the contents of the foramen ovale?
mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (Vc) and the lesser petrosal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve
436
the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve exits the middle cranial fossa via which opening?
the foramen ovale
437
what are the contents of the foramen spinosum?
nervus spinosus from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and the middle meningeal artery
438
what opening allows a branch of cranial nerve Vc to enter the middle cranial fossa from the infratemporal region?
foramen spinosum
439
which ostia will not exit the skull from the middle cranial fossa in the living person?
foramen lacerum, hiatus for the greater (superficial) petrosal nerve and the hiatus for the lesser petrosal nerve
440
what forms the roof of the posterior cranial fossa?
tentorium cerebelli
441
what part of the central nerve system occupies the posterior cranial fossa?
cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
442
which cranial nerves exit posterior cranial fossa ostia?
```
CN VII (facial)
CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)
CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
CN X (vagus)
CN XI (spinal accessory)
CN XII (hypoglossal)
```
443
meningeal nerves in the foramen magnum are derived from which cord levels?
C1-C3 cord levels
444
which arteries arise in the posterior cranial fossa and descend through the foramen magnum to supply the spinal cord?
anterior and posterior spinal arteries
445
what are the contents of the internal acoustic meatus?
CNs VII and VIII
nervus intermedius/nerve of Wrisberg/sensory root of VII and the motor root of VII
vestibular and cochlear roots of VII
internal auditory/internal labyrinthine artery and vein
446
what are the contents of the jugular foramen?
jugular bulb
inferior petrosal sinus
tympanic body/tympanic glomus or jugular body/glomus
CNs IX, X, and XI
447
what can the five layers of the scalp spell?
```
S- skin
C- connective tissue
A- aponeurosis
L- loose connective tissue
P- periosteum
```
448
what are the principal sources of blood to the scalp?
internal and external carotid artery branches
449
which divisions of the trigeminal nerve receive sensory information from the scalp?
all 3 divisions:
ophthalmic nerve
maxillary nerve
mandibular nerve
450
what ventral rami nerve(s) and cord levels of origin supply the scalp?
greater auricular nerve- C2, C3 ventral rami branches; lesser occipital nerve- C2 (C3) ventral rami branches
451
which dorsal ramus nerve branch (name and cord level of origin) supplies the scalp?
greater occipital nerve- C2, C3 communicating ramus
452
what type of motor fibers to skeletal muscle are given off by the facial nerve?
Branchial Efferent (BE)
453
what are the lymph nodes located along the base of the head collectively called?
collar chain nodes
454
what is third layer of the scalp associated with?
muscular component of the scalp
455
what is unusual/unique about the muscle of the face?
they do not act as lever muscles; they do not attach to bone at both origin and insertion
456
which muscles lack any attachment to bone?
orbicularis oris, procerus, and risorius
457
what is the source of innervation for all muscles of facial expression?
facial nerve branches
458
which divisions of the trigeminal nerve receive sensory information from the face?
all 3 divisions: ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, and mandibular nerve
459
what opening(s) are located along the superior wall of the orbit?
optic canal
460
what is the name given to the medial wall of the orbit?
lamina papyracea
461
what features may be observed on the medial wall of the orbit?
lacrimal groove, fossa for the lacrimal sac, anterior ethmoid foramen and posterior ethmoid foramen
462
what opening(s) are located along the lateral wall of the orbit?
superior orbital fissure
463
what opening(s) are located along the inferior wall of the orbit?
inferior orbital fissure
464
what is contained in the inferior orbital fissure?
maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
465
what are the layers of the eyelid?
skin, orbicularis oculi muscle, tarsal plate/tarsus, and palpebral conjunctiva
466
what are the names given to the modified sebaceous gland in the tarsus of the eyelid?
tarsal or Meibomian gland
467
what is the function of the Meibomian gland?
produces a thick, hydophobic substance that prevents tears from overflowing onto the cheeks along the margin of the eyelid
468
what is the ciliary gland?
modified sebaceous gland at the base of the eyelash
469
what are the names given to the modified sebaceous glands of the palpebra?
tarsal gland or Meobomian gland and ciliary gland
470
what is the name given to the inner mucous membrane of the eyelid?
palpebral conjunctiva
471
which cranial nerves are involved in the Visceral Efferent (VE) parasympathetic pathway to the lacrimal gland?
facial and trigeminal (maxillary and ophthalmic divisions/branches)
472
preganglionic visceral efferent fibers of CN VII will exit the pons in what nerve?
nervus intermedius, nerve of Wrisberg, sensory root of facial nerve
473
what are the names of the ganglion of synapse in the efferent pathway to the lacrimal gland?
pterygopalatine ganglion, sphenopalatine ganglion, Meckel's ganglion
474
parasympathetic stimulation of blood vessels in the lacrimal gland will result in what events?
vasodilation of blood vessels, increased availability of water to secretory units, thinner or more watery product in lumen
475
what is the origin for the sympathetic pathway to the lacrimal gland?
lateral horn/intermediolateral cell column T1, T2
476
sympathetic stimulation of the lacrimal gland will result in what events?
vasoconstriction of blood vessels, limited availability of water to secretory units, more viscous or thicker product formed in glandular lumen
477
what are the names of the layers of the eyeball?
fibrous tunic, uveal tract, and retina
478
what are the parts of the fibrous tunic of the eyeball?
cornea and sclera
479
what are the parts of the uveal tract of the eyeball?
iris, ciliary body, choroid, and pupil
