Exam 3 - Reproductive Diseases of Male & Female Companion Animals

Question 1

when do testes normally descend in the dog & cat?

Answer 1

dog: 10-14 days
cats: 2-5 days

Question 2

after 8 weeks, testes should be present in the scrotum, and after this time, it is unlikely that descent will occur after this. why?

Answer 2

inguinal ring is smaller than the testes by 14 weeks & inguinal ring closes at 6 months

Question 3

what is cryptorchidism?

Answer 3

one or both testicles fail to descend to its normal position

Question 4

what is the normal descent of the testes?

Answer 4

embryonic/fetal location are by the caudal poles of the kidneys - once gonad becomes testes, should descend to the scrotum

Question 5

what is the cause of cryptorchidism?

Answer 5

sex-linked autosomal recessive trait that both males & females carry but only homozygous males are phenotypically abnormal

Question 6

how is cryptorchidism diagnosed?

Answer 6

absence of both testes in the scrotum - gentle manipulation will draw testicles into the scrotum in puppies

Question 7

where are some common locations for cryptorchid testes?

Answer 7

abdomen, inguinal, & pelvic - use ultrasound to help localize

Question 8

what are the risks associated with cryptorchidism in dogs?

Answer 8

neoplasia due to increased temperature of the abdomen

testicular torsion

heritable - can pass along

unilateral cryptorchids are less fertile & bilateral are sterile

Question 9

what is the treatment for cryptorchidism?

Answer 9

surgery - REMOVE THE RETAINED TESTICLE FIRST!!!

if you can’t find the retained testicle, follow the vas deferens

Question 10

what is balanoposthitis?

Answer 10

inflammation of the penis & prepuce

Question 11

what are the clinical signs of balanoposthitis?

Answer 11

preputial/penile discharge, may lick at penis, may see lymphoid follicles

Question 12

what are the causes associated with balanoposthitis?

Answer 12

mild bacterial infections

brucellosis

canine herpesvirus

secondary to trauma, foreign body, & allergy

Question 13

what is this condition?

Answer 13

balanoposthitis

Question 14

how is balanoposthitis diagnosed?

Answer 14

direct visualization, cytology, culture, & check for UTI using cysto

Question 15

what is vaginitis?

Answer 15

inflammation/infection of the vagina

Question 16

what are some clinical signs associated with vaginitis?

Answer 16

mucopurulent vaginal discharge, attractiveness to male dogs, excessive licking at vulva, pollakiuria, & scooting rear end

Question 17

vaginitis can commonly be mistaken for what other problem?

Answer 17

anal gland issues because they may scoot

Question 18

what are some primary causes of vaginitis?

Answer 18

vulva & vagina aren’t sterile - if atypical/gram negative bacteria or resistant bacteria, pseudomonas

brucellosis

canine herpesvirus

Question 19

what are some secondary causes of vaginitis?

Answer 19

conformational defects - recessed vulva or persistent hymen

perivulvar dermatitis - redundant dorsal & lateral vulvar folds, frequently associated with obesity

urine pooling - ectopic ureter, incontinence, or systemic disease such as cushings or diabetes mellitus

foreign body

neoplasia

Question 20

what is juvenile vaginitis?

Answer 20

common condition that resolves during the first estrous cycle that is more of a local tissue reaction than an infection

Question 21

how is vaginitis diagnosed?

Answer 21

history/PE, +/- culture & endoscopic exam

herpesvirus testing, brucella canis testing, & check for concurrent UTI

Question 22

how is vaginitis treated?

Answer 22

73% resolve regardless of treatment - clean the peri-vulvar area

Question 23

how is persistent, true bacterial vaginitis treated?

Answer 23

cautious antibiotics based on culture

Question 24

what are some ways of correcting the underlying problem causing vaginitis?

Answer 24

weight loss if obese

vulvoplasty if redundant vulvar folds & recurrent issues

treat incontinence/urinary leakage

Question 25

what is the treatment for juvenile vaginitis?

Answer 25

no treatment, resolves after first heat

Question 26

how is idiopathic vaginitis treated?

Answer 26

may respond to estrogen therapy

Question 27

what is the pathogenesis of the cystic endometrial hyperplasia complex?

Answer 27

cystic dilation of endometrial glands in a response to hormones - cystic ovaries accumulation of watery to viscid aseptic fluid in the uterine lumen causes advanced cases of hydrometra or mucometra

Question 28

when is pyometra most likely to occur?

Answer 28

post estrus or diestrus

Question 29

what is a pyometra?

Answer 29

acute or chronic suppurative bacterial infection of the uterus or accumulation of inflammatory exudate in uterine lumen

Question 30

what causes the cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex?

Answer 30

exaggerated response by the uterus to progesterone during diestrus

Question 31

what are some iatrogenic causes of the cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex?

Answer 31

estradiol cypionate 'mismate' injection synthetic progestins (megestrol acetate) to prevent estrus stump pyometra - usually ovarian remnant or granuloma from suture reaction

Question 32

what are some natural causes of the cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex?

Answer 32

progesterone promotes accumulation of uterine secretions & stimulates endometrial-hyperplasia estrogen - produces cervical dilation allowing bacterial to ascend may be more pronounced with age

Question 33

what are clinical signs of what are some iatrogenic causes of the cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

Answer 33

infertility in breeding animals but there may be no outward clinical signs

Question 34

how is cystic endometrial hyperplasia diagnosed?

Answer 34

incidental finding during OHE hyperechoic round structures in uterus on ultrasound

Question 35

what is seen on this ultrasound?

Answer 35

cystic endometrial hyperplasia

Question 36

what is this lesion?

Answer 36

cystic endometrial hyperplasia

Question 37

what clinical signs are seen in an open pyometra?

Answer 37

cervix is open - usually diestrus 2-10 weeks post-estrus in older animals prominent vulva purulent or sanguinopurulent vulvar discharge may be septic - anorexia, vomiting, dehydration may be pu/pd if e. coli is producing endotoxins

Question 38

what clinical signs are seen in an closed pyometra?

Answer 38

cervix is closed - usually diestrus 2-10 weeks post-estrus in older animals prominent vulva no vulvar discharge, but may have abdominal enlargement may be septic - anorexia, vomiting, dehydration may be pu/pd if e. coli is producing endotoxins

Question 39

what is this?

Answer 39

pyometra

Question 40

how is pyometra diagnosed?

Answer 40

history - consider in every intact female, physical exam, labwork, & imaging

Question 41

what lab abnormalities are seen in animals with a pyometra?

Answer 41

leukocytosis, variable USG, pyuria/bacteria

Question 42

what can be seen on imaging that is supportive of a pyometra?

Answer 42

rads - tubular soft structure in caudoventral abdomen in severe cases ultrasound - fluid filled structure between the bladder & kidney

Question 43

what is seen on this ultrasound?

Answer 43

pyometra

Question 44

what is seen on this rad?

Answer 44

pyometra

Question 45

what are some differentials for pyometra?

Answer 45

pregnancy & neoplasia

Question 46

what is the treatment for pyometra?

Answer 46

emergency OHE to avoid ruptured uterus causing a peritonitis - caution because uterus & vessels are friable exteriorize the uterus prior to ligation, so if it ruptures, it does so outside of the abdomen

Question 47

after the uterus is removed in a pyometra, what other treatments/diagnostics should be done?

Answer 47

fluids, antibiotics culture uterine discharge after uterus is removed

Question 48

why is medical prostaglandin f2alpha not recommended for pyometra?

Answer 48

risk of sepsis & uterine rupture

Question 49

what are 2 differentials for this ultrasound of the uterus/ovaries?

Answer 49

pyometra & ovarian cysts