- abnormal CO2 retention - hypoventilation - lung disease

- diarrhea - diabetes mellitus - decrease in bicarbonate

- increase in bicarbonate - vomiting

Exam 3 reveiw Flashcards by Sophia Hagen

regulation of fluid balance is through ___ and ___

salt, water

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regualtion of acid-base balance is through ___

hydrogen ions

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what are the body fluid compartments and what is proportion of fluid in the compartments

total body water
1. intracellular fluid- 2/3
2. extracellular fluid- 1/3
– interstitial fluid- 80%
– plasma- 20%

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what is the composition of anions and cations found in
1. plama
2. interstitial fluid
3. intracellular fluid

Na, Cl, HCO3, protein ions
Na, Cl, HCO3
K, Po4, anionic proteins

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what are the short term controls for BP

baroreceptor reflex
fluid shifts

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what are the long term controls for BP

kidneys- urine output
thirst mechanism- fluid intake

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what causes ECF to be hypertonic
what happens to the cell

dehydration - high osmolarity
insufficient water intake
excessive water loss
– cell shrinks

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what causes ECF to be hypotonic
what happens to the cell

-over hydration - low osmolarity
- renal failure - fluid retention
- increased water ingestion
– cells swells

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what causes ECF to be isotonic
what happens to the cell

“normal”
IV normal saline- gain
hemorrhage- loss
– no net change

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describe the 4 chemical buffer systems

carbonic acid: bicarbonate buffer- primary ECF buffer
protein buffer- primary ICF buffer
hemoglobin buffer- H+ ions generated from CO2
phosphate buffer- urinary buffer

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describe the 2nd line of defense against hydrogen ion changes

respiratory system- CO2 retention or removal

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describe the 3rd line of defense against hydrogen ion changes

renal system- H+ excretion or conservation; HCO3 excretion or conservation; ammonia secretion

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respiratory acidosis

abnormal CO2 retention
hypoventilation
lung disease

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respiratory alkalosis

hyperventilation
aspirin poisoning
excessive CO2 loss

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metabolic acidosis

diarrhea
diabetes mellitus
decrease in bicarbonate

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metabolic alkalosis

increase in bicarbonate
vomiting

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thyroid hormone

influences BMR

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conduction

direct contact transfer

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fever

pyrogen-induced

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brown fat

found in newborns

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anorexia

distorted body image

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CCK

satiety signal

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leptin

appetite suppressant released by adipose tissue

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obese

BMI>30

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hyperthermia

exercise-induced

evaporation

liquid to vapor

gherlin

appetite stimulator

what hormones do the anterior pituitary produce

GH, ACTH, LH, FSH, prolactin, TSH

what hormones do the posterior pituitary produce

vasopressin/ADH, oxytocin

GH function

liver release IGF- allows for growth of bones, cell growth; increase protein synthesis

ACTH function

adrenal cortex releases cortisol

LH and FSH function

ovary/testes release estrogen and progesterone/ testosterone

prolactin function

mammary glands release milk

TSH function

thyroid releases thyroid hormone (T3/T4)

oxytocin function

uterine contractions; mammary glands milk letdown

ADH function

renal water retention; blood vessels constrict

aldosterone os secreted by the ___ ___and which functions to ___ ___

adrenal cortex, retain salt

addisons disease

adrenal gland insufficiency

dwarfism

growth hormone deficiency

rickets

vitamin d deficiency

gigantism

growth hormone excess

graves disease

thyroid hormone excess

cushings syndrome

excessive glucocorticoids

hypothyroidism

iodine deficiency

hirsutism

androgen excess in females

insulin effects on carbohydrates

- glucose transport into cells - stimulates glycogenesis - inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenisis

insulin effects on fats

- fat transport into cells - stimulates lipogenesis - inhibits lipolysis

insulin effects on proteins

- protein transport into cells - stimulates protein synthesis - inhibits protein degradation

glucagon effect on carbohydrates

- reduces glucose transport into cells - inhibits glycogenesis - stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenisis

glucagon effect on fats

- reduces fat transport into cells - inhibits lipogenesis - stimulates lipolysis

glucagon effect on proteins

- reduces protein transport into cells - inhibits protein synthesis - stimulates protein degradation

true or false- type 2 diabetes is autoimmune

false- type 1 is autoimmune

how many chromosomes are found in egg and sperm

egg- 23 sperm- 23

the process of making sperm is called ___ and process of making ova is called ___

spermatogenesis, oogenesis

the SRY gene is found on ___ chromosome and makes ___ protein which causes the differentiation of the reproductive tract into ___ ducts

Y, TDF, wolffian

testosterone is produces by ___ cells

interstitial

sperm production begins at ___ in the ___ and egg production begins at ___ in the ___ ___

puberty, testes, gestation, fetal ovaries

semen consists of secretions from what 3 glands

1. bulbourethral glands 2. seminal vesicles 3. prostate gland

ovarian cycle

- corpus luteum - follicular phase - ovulation - luteal phase

uterine cycle

- secretory phase - menstrual phase - endometrial lining production - proliferative phase

what 3 hormones are critical in maintaining pregnancy

1. estrogen 2. progesterone 3. HCG

hypothalamus- CRH anterior pituitary- effector organ- effector hormone- action- disorders-

-ACTH -adrenal cortex -cortisol -increase glucose, stress adaptation and metabolic effects -cushings and addisons

hypothalamus- TRH anterior pituitary- effector organ- effector hormone- action- disorders-

-TSH -thyroid gland -T3/T4 - increase BMR, increase HR, increase CO and increase GH secretion - hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism

hypothalamus- GHRH anterior pituitary- effector organ- effector hormone- action- disorders-

-GH -liver -IGF-1 - increase bone, increase muscle and increase protein synthesis -increase GH= gigantism and acromegaly decrease GH= dwarfism

hypothalamus- PRP anterior pituitary- effector organ- effector hormone- action- disorders-

-PRL -mammary glands -milk - breast development and milk secretion - none

hypothalamus- GnRH anterior pituitary- effector organ- effector hormone- action- disorders-

-LH/FSH -ovary/testes -estrogen and progesterone/ testosterone -ovulation, menstruation, gestation and sperm development - none

hypothalamus- oxytocin posterior pituitary- effector organ- action- disorders-

-oxytocin -uterus and mammary glands - contractions and milk ejection - none

hypothalamus- ADH/vasopressin anterior pituitary- effector organ- action- disorders-

- ADH/vasopressin - kidneys and blood vessels - water retention and vasoconstriction - DI and syndrome of inappropriate vasopressin

Exam 3 reveiw Flashcards

(68 cards)