Exam 3 Review Flashcards
(40 cards)
Risk Factors of Colorectal Cancer
Polyps- (non-cancerous growths that become cancerous over time.) Most colon cancers develop from polyps.
Family History- of the colon or rectal cancers, chronic colitis, or colon polyps. Unless is is treated, an inherited condition called Familial Polyposis puts a person at very high risk.
Age-Colon and rectal cancers occur most often in people over age 50.
Having long term inflammation of colon (diseases called ulcerative colitis or crohn’s disease)
Eating a diet high in fat and low in fiber
Physical Inactivty
APC Gene
APC is classified as a tumor suppressor gene. Tumor suppressor genes prevent the uncontrolled growth of cells that may result in cancerous tumors. The protein made by the APC gene plays a critical role in several cellular processes that determine whether a cell may develop into a tumor.
Cancer Progression
Tumor Progression is the third and last phase in tumor development. This phase is characterized by increased growth speed and invasiveness of the tumor cells. As a result of the progression, phenotypucal changes occur and the tumor becomes more aggressive and acquires greater malignant potential.
Polyps
An abnormal clump of cells that grow inside the body.
screening Methods
Fecal occult blood testing-testing annually
Flexible sigmoidoscopy- every five years
Double-contrast barium enema every five to 10 years.
Colonoscopy-every 10 years
Evidence for bacterial infection and mechanism
Bacterial infections rely on the bacteria’s ability to evade the host cells’ recognition and interaction pathways, leading to host signaling and regulation such that the immune response is not activated.
Some bacteria have developed resistance to platelet antimicrobial properties and may now recruit platelets into the infection process.
liquid biopsy/markers mutations
Liquid Biopsy, relies on analyzing bits of tumor material- molecules as well as whole cells-that are found in bodily fluids such as blood or urine.
Marker Mutations- are often located in non-coding areas of the DNA where a specific base pattern repeats many times and these repeating segments are known and mapped.
Early onset CRC
Early-onset Colorectal Cancer– defined as the development of CRC before the age of 40 and is more prevalent in the left side of the colon that is causing early-onset CRCs to increase. risk factors such as tobacco use, alcohol use, diabetes, and obesity.
inflammation/ NSAIDs
Inflammation- Known as colitis and it is a general term for the inflammation of the colon’s inner lining, which is your large intestine. different types of colitis are caused by infections, poor blood supply, and parasites that can all cause an inflamed colon.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug– is a group of medicines that relieve pain and fever and reduce inflammation.
Wnt Beta Catenin signaling
Normal Cell without Wnt protein–
xenotransplant mouse experiment
xenotransplant mouse experiment is human tumor cells into immunocompromised mice is a research technique frequently used in pre-clinical oncology research.
Human xenotransplantation offers a potential treatment for end-stage organ failure, a significant health problem in parts of the industrialized world.
Obesity and Supplements BMI
People who have obesity usually have too much body fat. Your body mass index (BMI) is one way to tell if you are at a healthy weight, overweight, or have obesity. The BMI is a measure based on your weight in relation to your height.
Chronic Inflammation
Chronic inflammation may be caused by infections that don’t go away, abnormal immune reactions to normal tissues, or conditions such as obesity. Over time, chronic inflammation can cause DNA damage and lead to cancer
Chemo Preventive Supplements
Chemoprevention is the use of a medication, vitamin, or supplement to stop cancer from happening. This is most often used for people who have a high risk of developing cancer. They may have a strong family history, carry an abnormal gene, or have a personal health history that makes their risk higher.
phytochemicals
Phytonutrients or phytochemicals are natural compounds that are found in plants, and plant-based foods. These powerful chemicals contain antioxidants, as well as anti-inflammatory properties which help fight free radicals and help prevent many life-threatening diseases.
Free Radicals
Free radicals are unstable atoms that can damage cells, causing illness and aging. Free radicals are linked to aging and a host of diseases, but little is known about their role in human health.
Antioxidants
A substance that inhibits oxidation, especially one used to counteract the deterioration of stored food products.
A substance such as vitamin C or E removes potentially damaging oxidizing agents in a living organism.
Consequence of excess calories
Weight gain is a major effect of eating too many calories. Your body needs enough calories to function, but when you take in more than your body uses, it stores the excess calories in the form of fat. Extra calories are mainly stored in the form of triglycerides, which, when elevated, places your heart health at risk.
Temoarases Inhibitors Definition
Inhibiting telomerase, an enzyme that rescues malignant cells from destruction by extending the protective caps on the ends of chromosomes, kills tumor cells but also triggers resistance pathways that allow cancer to survive and spread,
EGCG
Epigallocatechin gallate ( EGCG ), also known as epigallocatechin-3-gallate, is the ester of epigallocatechin and gallic acid and is a type of catechin. EGCG – the most abundant catechin in tea – is a polyphenol under basic research for its potential to affect human health and disease. EGCG is used in many dietary supplements
Resveratrol bioavailability
HPV infectious viral cancer of the cervix and throat
HPV infections– are the most common sexually transmitted infections, some leading to cancer and others to skin lesions.
Cervical cancer– is cancer that forms in tissues of the cervix (the organ connecting the uterus and vagina and it is always caused by HPV infection.
Throat Cancer– HPV can also infect the mouth and the throat and cause cancer of the oropharynx.
role of provirus and basal cell infection
Role of provirus–
Pap smear molecular mechanism of cancer causation
A Pap smear, also called a Pap test, is a procedure to test for cervical cancer in women.
A Pap smear involves collecting cells from your cervix — the lower, narrow end of your uterus that’s at the top of your vagina.
Detecting cervical cancer early with a Pap smear gives you a greater chance at a cure. A Pap smear can also detect changes in your cervical cells that suggest cancer may develop in the future. Detecting these abnormal cells early with a Pap smear is your first step in halting the possible development of cervical cancer.
