exam 3 review Flashcards by Fatjona Gjeloshi

A bee sting can trigger a massive release of histamine, which causes ________ and a(n) ________ in arterial blood pressure.
vasodilation; decrease
vasoconstriction; decrease
vasoconstriction; increase
vasoconstriction; oscillation
vasodilation; increase

vasodilation; decrease

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A deficiency of ________ can cause pernicious anemia.
iron
vitamin C
folic acid
vitamin B12
EPO secretion

vitamin B12

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A nurse takes your blood pressure and tells you the numbers are 110/70. What are your blood pressures?
Systolic = 110 mmHg, Diastolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 90 mmMg
Systolic = 110 mmHg, Diastolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 83 mmMg
Diastolic = 110 mmHg, Systolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 107 mmMg
Diastolic = 110 mmHg, Systolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 90 mmMg

Systolic = 110 mmHg, Diastolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 83 mmMg

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A person with type A blood can safely donate RBCs to someone of type ________ and can receive RBCs from someone of type ________.
AB; O
A; B
O; O
O; AB
B; A

AB; O

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Alternative routes of blood supply are called ________.
preferred channels
capillary beds
anastomoses
thoroughfare channels
metarterioles

anastomoses

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Among its other purposes, how is the Valsalva maneuver used?
To expel more than the usual tidal volume from the lungs
To clear carbon monoxide from the body and replace it with oxygen
As part of the procedure for giving CPR to a person in respiratory arrest
To aid in defecation and urination
To ventilate the lungs during eupnea

To aid in defecation and urination

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An extended period of time between the P wave and the QRS complex may indicate which of the following?
The signal is traveling too quickly to the AV node.
The atria are not contracting.
The signal is taking too long to get to the AV node.
Ventricular contraction is faster than usual.
Ventricular contraction is taking longer than usual.

The signal is taking too long to get to the AV node.

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An increased erythropoietin (EPO) output by the kidneys would lead to all of the following except ________.
increased hematocrit
increased hypoxemia
increased blood osmolarity
increased RBC production
increased blood viscosity

increased hypoxemia

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Arteries are sometimes called the ________ vessels of the cardiovascular system because they have strong-resilient tissue structure.
resistance
compliance
hydrodynamic
fenestrated
capacitance

resistance

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Atrial depolarization causes the ________.
first heart sound
P wave
T wave
QRS complex
quiescent period

P wave

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Atrial systole begins ________.
immediately after the T wave
during the Q wave
immediately before the P wave
immediately after the P wave
during the S-T segment

immediately after the P wave

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Blood flow through a capillary bed is regulated by precapillary sphincters.
True
False

true

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Blood viscosity stems mainly from electrolytes and monomers dissolved in plasma.
True
False

false

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Correction of hypoxemia is regulated by ________.
a self-amplifying mechanism
a positive feedback loop
a cascade effect
an enzymatic amplification
a negative feedback loop

a negative feedback loop

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During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate?
The Bohr effect
Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle
Reduced oxyhemoglobin
Increased H+ level in the blood
Reduced blood pH

Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle

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During isovolumetric contraction, the pressure in the ventricles ________.
remains constant
falls and then rises
rises and then falls
rises rapidly
falls rapidly

rises rapidly

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Endurance athletes commonly have a resting heart rate as low as 40 bpm, and a stroke volume as low as 50 mL/beat.
True
False

false

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Hemostasis is the production of formed elements of blood.
True
False

false

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How is the vital capacity calculated?
Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory volume
Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume
Respiratory volume + tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

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How many pulmonary arteries empty into the right atrium of the heart?
2
8
0
1
4

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Hypercapnia and acidosis have positive chronotropic effects.
True
False

true

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Hypertension is commonly considered to be a chronic resting blood pressure higher than ________.
130/60
120/75
180/90
140/90
200/90

140/90

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In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?
Contraction of the diaphragm
Quantity of surfactant
Atmospheric pressure
Bronchiole diameter
Respiratory rate

Bronchiole diameter

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In people who stand for long periods, blood tends to pool in the lower limbs and this may result in varicose veins. What causes the varicose veins?
A ruptured aneurysm in a vein
An aneurysm or weak point in an artery
An aneurysm or weak point in a vein
Failure of the lymphatic valves
Failure of the venous valves

Failure of the venous valves

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In the air we breathe, which gas is found in the highest concentration? Carbon dioxide Oxygen Hydrogen Water vapor Nitrogen

nitrogen

In which condition are the lungs infected with Mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis? Rhinitis Tuberculosis Pneumonia Pneumothorax Dyspnea

Tuberculosis

Lymphocytes secrete antibodies, coordinate action of other immune cells, and serve in immune memory. True False

true

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) generates a murmur associated with the ________ heart sound that occurs when the ________. lubb (S1); ventricles relax dupp (S2); atria relax lubb (S1); ventricles contract dupp (S2); ventricles relax lubb (S1); atria contract

lubb (S1); ventricles contract

Mitral valve prolapse causes blood to leak back into the ________ when the ventricles contract. pulmonary arteries pulmonary trunk right atrium left atrium aorta

left atrium

Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by ________ of the respiratory tract. ciliated cells great alveolar cells squamous alveolar cells the pleurae goblet cells

goblet cells

Obstruction of the ________ will cause a more severe myocardial infarction (MI) than the obstruction of any of the others. left coronary artery (LCA) circumflex branch left marginal vein anterior interventricular branch posterior interventricular vein

left coronary artery (LCA)

Rh incompatibility between a sensitized Rh+ woman and an Rh- fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn. True False

false

Serum is essentially identical to plasma except for the absence of ________. albumin nitrogenous wastes fibrinogen platelets glucose

fibrinogen

The ABO blood group is determined by ________ in the plasma membrane of RBCs. glycolipids agglutinins antigen-antibody complexes glycoproteins antibodies

glycolipids

The ________ are the superior chambers of the heart and the ________ are the inferior chambers of the heart. ventricles; atria visceral percardia; parietal pericardia atria; ventricles left ventricles; right ventricles left atria; right atria

atria; ventricles

The ________ is the pacemaker that initiates each heart beat. sinoatrial (SA) node autonomic nervous system atrioventricular (AV) node cardiac conduction system sympathetic division of the nervous system

sinoatrial (SA) node

The ________ provides most of the Ca2+ needed for myocardial contraction. mitochondria Golgi apparatus cytoskeleton sarcoplasmic reticulum extracellular fluid

sarcoplasmic reticulum

The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is the ________. expiratory reserve volume residual volume vital capacity inspiratory reserve volume inspiratory capacity

inspiratory reserve volume

The blood transports more CO2 in the form of ________ than in any other form. carboxyhemoglobin dissolved CO2 gas bisphosphocarbonate carbaminohemoglobin bicarbonate ions

bicarbonate ions

The chordae tendinae of the AV valves are anchored to the ________ of the ventricles. trabeculae carnae interventricular septum interatrial septum papillary muscles pectinate muscles

papillary muscles

The liver stores excess iron in ferritin. True False

true

The long absolute refractory period of cardiomyocytes ________. prevents tetanus prevents the occurrence of ectopic focuses makes the heart prone to arrhythmias causes the pacemaker potential ensures a short twitch

prevents tetanus

The maximum amount of air the lungs can contain is known as inspiratory capacity. True False

false

The most important components in the cytoplasm of RBCs are hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase. True False

true

The number of ________ typically increases in response to bacterial infections. monocytes basophils eosinophils erythrocytes neutrophils

neutrophils

The pacemaker potential is a result of ________. Na+ inflow K+ inflow K+ outflow Na+ outflow Ca2+ inflow

Na+ inflow

The pulmonary circuit is supplied by both the right and the left sides of the heart. True False

false

The shallow depression seen on the external surface of the heart between the left and right ventricles is called the ________. coronary sinus left atrium coronary sulcus interventricular septum interventricular sulcus

interventricular sulcus

The universal donor of RBCs, but not necessarily plasma, is blood type ________. O, Rh-negative O, Rh-positive ABO, Rh-negative AB, Rh-negative AB, Rh-positive

O, Rh-negative

The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to a chemosensitive area in the ________. dorsal respiratory group medulla oblongata ventral respiratory group pons pontine respiratory group

medulla oblongata

The volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute is called the ________. stroke volume cardiac output cardiac reserve preload afterload

cardiac output

Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a good samaritan have up to 4 or 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom's life? There is reserve oxygen in Tom's lungs. There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood. The Haldane effect lasts up to 5 minutes. The ambient PO2 can support life that long. Tom's hypoxic drive will keep him alive for up to 5 minutes.

There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood.

Vasomotion can raise or lower blood pressure throughout the body. True False

true

Ventricular pressure increases the fastest during ventricular filling. True False

false

What are the afferent vessels that carry blood back to the heart? Arteries Capillaries Arterioles Veins

veins

What are the most abundant agranulocytes? Eosinophils Neutrophils Lymphocytes Macrophages Monocytes

Lymphocytes

What are the least abundant of the formed elements? Platelets Basophils Erythrocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils

Basophils

What causes reactive hyperemia to increase tissue perfusion? Local controls Urinary controls Hormonal controls Respiratory controls Neural controls

Local controls

What does the medullary ischemic reflex result in? Ischemia of the medulla oblongata Reduced circulation to the brain Increased circulation to the adrenal medulla Increased circulation to the brain Hormone secretion by the adrenal medulla when perfusion drops

Increased circulation to the brain

What is the largest leukocyte that contains small cytoplasmic granules and typically a kidney- or horseshoe-shaped nucleus? Basophil Monocyte Lymphocyte Neutrophil Eosinophil

Monocyte

What is the most abundant protein in plasma? Insulin Creatinine Albumin Creatine Bilirubin

Albumin

What type of shock occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increase capillary permeability? Neurogenic Anaphylactic Cardiogenic Septic Compensated

Septic

When a clot is no longer needed, fibrin is dissolved by ________. plasmin thromboplastin platelet-derived growth factor prothrombin kallikrein

plasmin

When the left ventricle contracts, the ________ valve closes and the ________ valve is pushed open. right AV; pulmonary aortic; pulmonary right AV; aortic mitral; aortic mitral; pulmonary

mitral; aortic

Where do most RBCs die? Stomach and liver Lymph nodes and thymus Stomach and small intestine Red bone marrow Spleen and liver

Spleen and liver

Where is the greatest volume of blood found in the body? Heart Capillaries Veins Arteries Pulmonary circuit

veins

Where is the vasomotor center located? Cerebral cortex Hypothalamus Spinal cord Cerebellum Medulla oblongata

Medulla oblongata

Which is the correct path of an electrical excitation from the pacemaker to a cardiomyocyte in the left ventricle (LV)? -Sinoatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) node → Subendothelial conducting network → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → cardiomyocyte in LV -Atrioventricular (AV) node → subendothelial conducting network → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → sinoatrial (SA) node → cardiomyocyte in LV -Sinoatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → atrioventricular (AV) node → Subendothelial conducting network → cardiomyocyte in LV -Sinoatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → Subendothelial conducting network → cardiomyocyte in LV -Atrioventricular (AV) node → sinoatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → Subendothelial conducting network → cardiomyocyte in LV

Sinoatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → Subendothelial conducting network → cardiomyocyte in LV

Which is the correct sequence of events of the cardiac cycle? Ventricular filling → isovolumetric contraction → isovolumetric relaxation → ventricular ejection Ventricular filling → isovolumetric relaxation → isovolumetric contraction → ventricular ejection Ventricular filling → ventricular ejection → isovolumetric contraction → isovolumetric relaxation Ventricular filling → isovolumetric relaxation → ventricular ejection → isovolumetric contraction Ventricular filling → isovolumetric contraction → ventricular ejection → isovolumetric relaxation

Ventricular filling → isovolumetric contraction → ventricular ejection → isovolumetric relaxation

Which of the following are powerful vasoconstrictors? Norepinephrine and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Epinephrine and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Norepinephrine and angiotensin II Norepinephrine and natriuretic peptides Epinephrine and aldosterone

Norepinephrine and angiotensin II

Which of the following carry oxygen-poor blood? Venae cavae and pulmonary arteries Aorta and vena cavae Pulmonary veins and vena cavae Pulmonary veins and pulmonary arteries Aorta and pulmonary veins

Venae cavae and pulmonary arteries

Which of the following decreases blood pressure? Natriuretic peptides Norepinephrine Angiotensin II Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone

Natriuretic peptides

Which of the following does not contain ciliated cells? Trachea Nasal cavity Primary bronchus Larygopharynx Terminal bronchiole

Larygopharynx

Which of the following does not lead to edema? Famine Hypertension Obstruction of lymphatic vessels Hyperproteinemia Liver disease

Hyperproteinemia

Which of the following does not move substances across capillary walls? Filtration Diffusion Reabsorption Transcytosis Group transport

Group transport

Which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide? Carbonic anhydrase Bisphosphoglycerase Carbaminoreductase Hemoglobinase Carboxyhemoglobinase

Carbonic anhydrase

Which of the following is associated with vasomotion? Collagen and elastic tissue in the tunica media Elastic tissue in the tunica externa Smooth muscle in the tunica media Fenestrations in the tunica externa Endothelium in the tunica interna

Smooth muscle in the tunica media

Which of the following is a lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli? Pulmonary hemosiderosis Cor pulmonale Atelectasis Collapsed lung Emphysema

Emphysema

Which of the following is the most superficial layer enclosing the heart? Visceral pericardium Epicardium Myocardium Parietal pericardium Endocardium

Parietal pericardium

Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue? Hypoxia Anoxia Cyanosis Eupnea Apoxia

hypoxia

Which of the following is the term for the lungs resistance to expansion? Pulmonary impedance Pulmonary compliance Pulmonary ventilation Pulmonary stenosis Pulmonary surfactant

Pulmonary compliance

Which of the following is not a function of blood? Transports a variety of nutrients Participates in the initiation of blood clotting Helps to regulate body temperature Helps to stabilize the pH of extracellular fluids Produces plasma hormones

Produces plasma hormones

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system? Promotes the flow of lymph and venous blood Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators Control of pH Helps regulate blood pressure Aids in defecation

Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators

Which of the following is not a possible circulatory route from the heart? Heart → arteries → arterial anastomosis → capillary bed → veins → heart Heart → arteries → arterial anastomosis → capillary bed → venous anastomosis → veins → heart Heart → arteries → capillary bed → vein → capillary bed → arteries → heart Heart → arteries → capillary bed → vein → capillary bed → veins → heart Heart → arteries → capillary bed → veins → heart

Heart → arteries → capillary bed → vein → capillary bed → arteries → heart

Which of the following is not contained in the buffy coat? Platelets Erythrocytes Agranulocytes Granulocytes Lymphocytes

Erythrocytes

Which of the following is not normally found in plasma? Fibrinogen Urea Glucose Albumin Glycogen

Glycogen

Which of the following would decrease capillary filtration? Increased capillary permeability Increased permeability of lymphatic capillaries Dietary protein deficiency Obstructed venous return Dehydration

Dehydration

Which of the following would decrease the velocity of blood flow? Increased afterload Increased blood pressure Increased viscosity Increased vessel radius Decreased vasomotion

Increased viscosity

Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia? Atelectasis Asthma Squamous-cell carcinoma Sickle-cell disease Emphysema

Sickle-cell disease

Which of the following would not decrease the blood colloid osmotic pressure (COP)? Starvation Severe liver failure An extremely low-protein diet A diet predominantly based on red meat Hypoproteinemia

A diet predominantly based on red meat

Which of the following belong to the pulmonary circuit? Aorta and pulmonary veins Pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins Aorta and venae cavae Pulmonary arteries and venae cavae Venae cavae and pulmonary veins

Pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins

Which of the following blood vessels receives blood directly from the right ventricle? Superior vena cava Right pulmonary vein Inferior vena cava Ascending aorta Pulmonary trunk

Pulmonary trunk

Which of these does not prevent the spontaneous formation of a clot? The presence of tissue thromboplastin The presence of antithrombin in plasma The presence of heparin in plasma The smooth prostacyclin-coated endothelium of blood vessels The dilution of thrombin when blood flows at a normal rate

The presence of tissue thromboplastin

Which of these is most likely to result from contact between contaminated fingers and the nasal mucosa? Acute bronchitis Asthma Acute rhinitis Apnea Adult respiratory distress syndrome

Acute rhinitis

Which two ligaments extend from the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages? Laryngeal and corniculate Corniculate and cricoid Vestibular and vocal Cricoid and arytenoid Thyrohyoid and cricoids

Vestibular and vocal

Which vessels have the thickest tunica media? Small arteries Capillaries Large arteries Large veins Small veins

Large arteries

While out hiking, a friend of yours falls and suffers a trauma. You notice they start to go into shock. What do you do to help? Encourage them to sit up Lie them down and elevate their head Lie them down and elevate their legs Hold them upright in a standing position

Lie them down and elevate their legs

Why are pregnant Rh- women given an injection of Rh immune globulin? Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-A antibodies. Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-D antibodies. Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-O antibodies. Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-B antibodies.

anti d

Why does our blood pressure generally go up as we age? Our veins get 'hard' and absorb less diastolic force Our arteries get 'hard' and absorb less systolic force Our veins get 'hard' and absorb less systolic force Our arteries get 'hard' and absorb less diastolic force

Our arteries get 'hard' and absorb less systolic force

Your breathing rate is 12 breaths/minute; your tidal volume is 500 mL; your vital capacity is 4700 mL; and your dead air space is 150 mL. Your alveolar ventilation rate is ________ mL/min. 2,400 4,200 3,600 5,600 6,400

4,200

exam 3 review Flashcards

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