respiration Flashcards
(54 cards)
Air consists of about 78.6% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and 0.5% water. At sea level, (760 mmHg) what is the PCO2?
159 mm Hg
3.7 mm Hg
0.3 mm Hg
597 mm Hg
0.3 mm Hg
Among its other purposes, how is the Valsalva maneuver used?
-As part of the procedure for giving CPR to a person in respiratory arrest
-To clear carbon monoxide from the body and replace it with oxygen
-To aid in defecation and urination
-To ventilate the lungs during eupnea
-To expel more than the usual tidal volume from the lungs
To aid in defecation and urination
Blood banks dispose of blood that has low levels of bisphosphoglycerate. What would be the probable reason for doing so?
-Erythrocytes low in BPG do not load O2 very well.
-A decline in BPG level is accompanied by a decline in hemoglobin level.
-Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload CO2 very well.
-Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload O2 very well.
-A low BPG level causes acidosis of blood.
Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload O2 very well.
Carbon dioxide is transported by all the following means except ________.
dissolved gas
carbonate
carbaminohemoglobin
bicarbonate ions
carbonic acid
carbonate
Conditions around metabolically active tissues do what to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
Shift it left
Increase the slope
Decrease the slope
Shift it right
shift it right
Congestive heart failure results in which of the following?
Anemic hypoxia
Ischemic hypoxia
Histotoxic hypoxia
Idiopathic hypoxia
Hypoxemic hypoxia
Ischemic hypoxia
Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except the ________.
pharynx
oral cavity
lips
epiglottis
tongue
epiglottis
Each alveolus is surrounded by a web of blood capillaries supplied by the ________.
pulmonary vein
aorta
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
pulmonary artery
pulmonary artery
Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to ________ oxygen molecules.
6
2
5
3
4
4
How is alveolar air different than inspired air?
Alveolar air has a higher PN2 than inspired air.
Alveolar air has a higher PH2O than inhaled air.
Alveolar air has a higher PO2 than inspired air.
Alveolar air has a lower PCO2 than inspired air.
Alveolar air has a higher PH2O than inhaled air.
How is the vital capacity calculated?
Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory volume
Respiratory volume + tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
Hypocapnia will lead to which of the following conditions?
Hyperventilation due to acidosis
Hypoventilation due to alkalosis
Hypoventilation due to acidosis
Hyperventilation due to alkalosis
Hypoventilation due to alkalosis
If one inspires through their nose, which of the following answers has the correct order of structures the air would move through?
-Nares → Nasal Cavity → Vestibule → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus
-Nares → Nasal Cavity → Vestibule → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus
-Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus
-Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus
-Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus
In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?
Bronchiole diameter
Contraction of the diaphragm
Respiratory rate
Quantity of surfactant
Atmospheric pressure
Bronchiole diameter
In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries, the blood gives up about what percentage of its oxygen?
70% to 85%
10% to 15%
30% to 40%
20% to 25%
5% to 10%
20% to 25%
In the air we breathe, which gas is found in the highest concentration?
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Water vapor
Carbon dioxide
nitrogen
In which condition are the lungs infected with Mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis?
Tuberculosis
Dyspnea
Pneumonia
Pneumothorax
Rhinitis
Tuberculosis
Metabolically active tissues have which of the following sets of conditions that shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?
-↑ PO2, ↓ PCO2, ↑ temperature, ↑ BPG
-↓ PO2, ↑ PCO2, ↑ temperature, ↑ BPG
-↓ PO2, ↑ PCO2, ↓ temperature, ↑ BPG
-↑ PO2, ↓ PCO2, ↑ temperature, ↓ BPG
↓ PO2, ↑ PCO2, ↑ temperature, ↑ BPG
Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by ________ of the respiratory tract.
squamous alveolar cells
ciliated cells
great alveolar cells
the pleurae
goblet cells
goblet cells
Nitrogen bubbles can form in the blood and other tissues when a scuba diver ascends too rapidly, producing a syndrome called ________.
pulmonary edema
cerebral embolism
pulmonary barotrauma
hyperbaric disease
decompression sickness
decompression sickness
Normally, the systemic arterial blood has a Po2 of ________ mm Hg, a Pco2 of ________ mm Hg, and a pH of ________.
40; 95; 7.4
95; 7.4; 40
95; 40; 7.4
7.4; 40; 95
40; 7.4; 95
95; 40; 7.4
Output from higher brain centers can bypass both the DRG and VRG and go directly to ________, which controls the accessory muscles of respiration.
the cerebral cortex
the vagus nerve
spinal integration centers
the diaphragm
spinal integration centers
Scuba divers breathe a nitrogen-oxygen mixture rather than pure compressed oxygen in order to avoid what condition?
The bends
Caisson disease
Rapture of the deep
Oxygen toxicity
Hypoxemic hypoxia
Oxygen toxicity
The addition of CO2 to the blood generates ________ ions in the RBCs, which in turn stimulates RBCs to unload more oxygen.
sodium
chloride
potassium
nitrogen
hydrogen
hydrogen
