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bio 150 test 3 > respiration > Flashcards

respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Air consists of about 78.6% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and 0.5% water. At sea level, (760 mmHg) what is the PCO2?
159 mm Hg
3.7 mm Hg
0.3 mm Hg
597 mm Hg

A

0.3 mm Hg

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2
Q

Among its other purposes, how is the Valsalva maneuver used?
-As part of the procedure for giving CPR to a person in respiratory arrest
-To clear carbon monoxide from the body and replace it with oxygen
-To aid in defecation and urination
-To ventilate the lungs during eupnea
-To expel more than the usual tidal volume from the lungs

A

To aid in defecation and urination

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3
Q

Blood banks dispose of blood that has low levels of bisphosphoglycerate. What would be the probable reason for doing so?
-Erythrocytes low in BPG do not load O2 very well.
-A decline in BPG level is accompanied by a decline in hemoglobin level.
-Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload CO2 very well.
-Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload O2 very well.
-A low BPG level causes acidosis of blood.

A

Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload O2 very well.

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4
Q

Carbon dioxide is transported by all the following means except ________.
dissolved gas
carbonate
carbaminohemoglobin
bicarbonate ions
carbonic acid

A

carbonate

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5
Q

Conditions around metabolically active tissues do what to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
Shift it left
Increase the slope
Decrease the slope
Shift it right

A

shift it right

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6
Q

Congestive heart failure results in which of the following?
Anemic hypoxia
Ischemic hypoxia
Histotoxic hypoxia
Idiopathic hypoxia
Hypoxemic hypoxia

A

Ischemic hypoxia

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7
Q

Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except the ________.
pharynx
oral cavity
lips
epiglottis
tongue

A

epiglottis

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8
Q

Each alveolus is surrounded by a web of blood capillaries supplied by the ________.
pulmonary vein
aorta
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
pulmonary artery

A

pulmonary artery

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9
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to ________ oxygen molecules.
6
2
5
3
4

A

4

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10
Q

How is alveolar air different than inspired air?
Alveolar air has a higher PN2 than inspired air.
Alveolar air has a higher PH2O than inhaled air.
Alveolar air has a higher PO2 than inspired air.
Alveolar air has a lower PCO2 than inspired air.

A

Alveolar air has a higher PH2O than inhaled air.

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11
Q

How is the vital capacity calculated?
Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory volume
Respiratory volume + tidal volume

A

Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

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12
Q

Hypocapnia will lead to which of the following conditions?
Hyperventilation due to acidosis
Hypoventilation due to alkalosis
Hypoventilation due to acidosis
Hyperventilation due to alkalosis

A

Hypoventilation due to alkalosis

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13
Q

If one inspires through their nose, which of the following answers has the correct order of structures the air would move through?
-Nares → Nasal Cavity → Vestibule → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus
-Nares → Nasal Cavity → Vestibule → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus
-Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus
-Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus

A

-Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus

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14
Q

In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?
Bronchiole diameter
Contraction of the diaphragm
Respiratory rate
Quantity of surfactant
Atmospheric pressure

A

Bronchiole diameter

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15
Q

In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries, the blood gives up about what percentage of its oxygen?
70% to 85%
10% to 15%
30% to 40%
20% to 25%
5% to 10%

A

20% to 25%

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16
Q

In the air we breathe, which gas is found in the highest concentration?
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Water vapor
Carbon dioxide

A

nitrogen

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17
Q

In which condition are the lungs infected with Mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis?
Tuberculosis
Dyspnea
Pneumonia
Pneumothorax
Rhinitis

A

Tuberculosis

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18
Q

Metabolically active tissues have which of the following sets of conditions that shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?
-↑ PO2, ↓ PCO2, ↑ temperature, ↑ BPG
-↓ PO2, ↑ PCO2, ↑ temperature, ↑ BPG
-↓ PO2, ↑ PCO2, ↓ temperature, ↑ BPG
-↑ PO2, ↓ PCO2, ↑ temperature, ↓ BPG

A

↓ PO2, ↑ PCO2, ↑ temperature, ↑ BPG

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19
Q

Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by ________ of the respiratory tract.
squamous alveolar cells
ciliated cells
great alveolar cells
the pleurae
goblet cells

A

goblet cells

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20
Q

Nitrogen bubbles can form in the blood and other tissues when a scuba diver ascends too rapidly, producing a syndrome called ________.
pulmonary edema
cerebral embolism
pulmonary barotrauma
hyperbaric disease
decompression sickness

A

decompression sickness

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21
Q

Normally, the systemic arterial blood has a Po2 of ________ mm Hg, a Pco2 of ________ mm Hg, and a pH of ________.
40; 95; 7.4
95; 7.4; 40
95; 40; 7.4
7.4; 40; 95
40; 7.4; 95

A

95; 40; 7.4

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22
Q

Output from higher brain centers can bypass both the DRG and VRG and go directly to ________, which controls the accessory muscles of respiration.
the cerebral cortex
the vagus nerve
spinal integration centers
the diaphragm

A

spinal integration centers

23
Q

Scuba divers breathe a nitrogen-oxygen mixture rather than pure compressed oxygen in order to avoid what condition?
The bends
Caisson disease
Rapture of the deep
Oxygen toxicity
Hypoxemic hypoxia

A

Oxygen toxicity

24
Q

The addition of CO2 to the blood generates ________ ions in the RBCs, which in turn stimulates RBCs to unload more oxygen.
sodium
chloride
potassium
nitrogen
hydrogen

A

hydrogen

25
Q

The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is the ________.
inspiratory capacity
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume
vital capacity
inspiratory reserve volume

A

inspiratory reserve volume

26
Q

The anatomical dead space is greatest in which of the following situations?
After eating a large meal
After watching TV for an hour
After swerving to narrowly avoid an accident while driving
After waking up from a long nap

A

After swerving to narrowly avoid an accident while driving

27
Q

The blood transports more CO2 in the form of ________ than in any other form.
bisphosphocarbonate
carboxyhemoglobin
bicarbonate ions
dissolved CO2 gas
carbaminohemoglobin

A

bicarbonate ions

28
Q

The heart indents into the ________ of the left lung.
hilum
cardiac impression
oblique fissure
apex
base

A

cardiac impression

29
Q

The pH of the cerebrospinal fluid is monitored by which of these brainstem centers?
Central chemoreceptors
PRG
Hypothalamic osmoreceptors
Medullary baroreceptors

A

Central chemoreceptors

30
Q

The respiratory system contains a total of five ________.
lobes
segmental bronchi
choanae
tracheal cartilages
laryngeal cartilages

A

lobes

31
Q

The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to a chemosensitive area in the ________.
ventral respiratory group
pontine respiratory group
dorsal respiratory group
pons
medulla oblongata

A

medulla oblongata

32
Q

Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a good samaritan have up to 4 or 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom’s life?
There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom’s blood.
Tom’s hypoxic drive will keep him alive for up to 5 minutes.
The ambient Po2 can support life that long.
The Haldane effect lasts up to 5 minutes.
There is reserve oxygen in Tom’s lungs.

A

There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom’s blood.

33
Q

Upon inspiration, what is the name of the air in the conducting division that is not available for gas exchange?
Alveolar dead space
Conducting dead space
Tracheal dead space
Anatomical dead space

A

Anatomical dead space

34
Q

What is the basic distinction between an alveolar duct and an alveolar atrium?
Their shape
Their epithelial type
Their size
The presence or absence of cilia
Their function

A

their shape

35
Q

What is the least common but most dangerous form of lung cancer?
Mesothelioma
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Small-cell carcinoma

A

Small-cell carcinoma

36
Q

Which bronchus is about 5cm long and slightly narrower and more horizontal than the one on the opposite side?
Right lobar bronchus
Left main bronchus
Right main bronchus
Left segmental bronchus
Right segmental bronchus

A

Left main bronchus

37
Q

Which center bears the primary responsibility for generating the respiratory rhythm, but is influenced by several other centers?
SRG
DRG
PRG
VRG

A

VRG

38
Q

Which law states that the total atmospheric pressure is a sum of the contributions of the individual gases?
Henry’s
Boyle’s
Charles’s
Dalton’s

A

Dalton’s

39
Q

Which law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases?
Dalton’s
Charles’s
Valsalva’s
Henry’s
Boyle’s

A

Dalton’s

40
Q

Which malignancy originates in the lamina propria of the bronchi?
Cor pulmonale
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous-cell carcinoma
Pulmonary edema
Oat-cell carcinoma

A

Adenocarcinoma

41
Q

Which of the following cartilages is largest?
Corniculate cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottic cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage

A

Thyroid cartilage

42
Q

Which of the following does not contain ciliated cells?
Nasal cavity
Larygopharynx
Terminal bronchiole
Trachea
Primary bronchus

A

Larygopharynx

43
Q

Which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide?
Hemoglobinase
Carboxyhemoglobinase
Carbonic anhydrase
Carbaminoreductase
Bisphosphoglycerase

A

Carbonic anhydrase

44
Q

Which of the following has no effect on oxyhemoglobin dissociation?
Epinephrine
Thyroid hormone
Erythrocyte count
Low pH
Fever

A

Erythrocyte count

45
Q

Which of the following is a lung disease marked by a reduced number of cilia, reduced motility of the remaining cilia, goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion, and thick sputum?
Emphysema
Asthma
Atelectasis
Chronic bronchitis
Oat-cell carcinoma

A

Chronic bronchitis

46
Q

Which of the following is a lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli?
Collapsed lung
Emphysema
Cor pulmonale
Pulmonary hemosiderosis
Atelectasis

A

Emphysema

47
Q

Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue?
Eupnea
Cyanosis
Anoxia
Hypoxia
Apoxia

A

hypoxia

48
Q

Which of the following issues output to the VRG to adjust the respiratory rhythm?
SRG
DRG
NRG
PRG

A

DRG

49
Q

Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia?
Squamous-cell carcinoma
Atelectasis
Emphysema
Asthma
Sickle-cell disease

A

Sickle-cell disease

50
Q

Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air?
A decrease in nitrogen solubility
An increase in membrane thickness
A decrease in membrane thickness
An increase in respiratory rate
An increase in alveolar surface area

A

An increase in membrane thickness

51
Q

Which of these is most likely to result from contact between contaminated fingers and the nasal mucosa?
Adult respiratory distress syndrome
Acute rhinitis
Apnea
Acute bronchitis
Asthma

A

Acute rhinitis

52
Q

Which two ligaments extend from the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages?
Thyrohyoid and cricoids
Laryngeal and corniculate
Corniculate and cricoid
Cricoid and arytenoid
Vestibular and vocal

A

Vestibular and vocal

53
Q

Your breathing rate is 12 breaths/minute; your tidal volume is 500 mL; your vital capacity is 4700 mL; and your dead air space is 150 mL. Your alveolar ventilation rate is ________ mL/min.
3,600
6,400
5,600
2,400
4,200

A

4,200

54
Q

Your breathing rate is 14 breaths/minute; spirometric measurements reveal your tidal volume is 500 mL; your inspiratory reserve volume is 3000 mL; and your expiratory reserve volume is 1,200 mL. Your vital capacity is ________ mL.
4,700
3,000
5,800
2,400
3,800

A

4,700

bio 150 test 3 (6 decks)

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