Exam 3 Review Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
types of investment of parental care
A
-protection from predation
-protection from elements
-provisioning/feeding
2
Q
why is parental care a very costly behavior
A
-time
-energy
-vulnerable to predation
3
Q
what are the differences in parental care and gamete size
A
larger gamete - females greater investment into parental care (internal development in some animals)
4
Q
variance in males reproductive success
A
-greater than females (especially in polygynous species)
-time spent caring for offspring = less mating opportunity
-higher potential reproductive rate
5
Q
A
6
Q
T/F the cost of parental care is greater for females
A
false, it is greater for males
7
Q
how much investment should parents make on current offspring
A
increased investment =
-increased probability of young surviving
-increased fitness for parents
8
Q
tradeoffs between current and future reproduction
A
-time
-energy
-risks (parental investment)
can influence possibility of having future offpsring
9
Q
life history traits
A
characteristics of an individual that influence survival and reproduction
10
Q
examples of life history traits
A
-age at maturity
-number of offspring produced
-lifespan
-number of reproductive events
11
Q
biased operational sex ratio
A
competition for mates - more mates = higher individual fitness
selection among mates - better the mate’s quality, higher individual fitness
12
Q
operational sex ration (definition)
A
ratio of sexually receptive males to receptive females
females limited by number of eggs, gestation, so ratio often MALE biased
13
Q
bi-parental care is common in what species
A
birds
14
Q
why is there bi-parental or male biased care
A
if males help rear young, fitness increases through increased young survival
15
Q
parental care is driven by
A
-distribution of resources
-operational sex ratio
-previous investments
16
Q
T/F communal care of offspring is common in some species that live in groups
A
true, it is not worth making a mistake and not caring for your own offspring
17
Q
what is a tradeoff of caring for the wrong offspring
A
the extreme of brood parasites
18
Q
sibling conflict
A
-aggression and siblicide
-occurs when resources are variable or in short supply
19
Q
masked booby vs blue-footed booby
A
masked
-have two eggs, first hatched chick always kills second chick
blue-footed
-have two eggs, often raise two
20
Q
parent-offspring conflict
A
-selection may act on parents and offspring differently
-some actions that increase fitness of offspring may reduce fitness of parents
-conflict higher with younger parents (still have high reproduction potential)
-conflict increases as offspring age (benefit/cost ratio of taking care of young decreases)
21
Q
parental favoritism
A
-occurs when resources are variable, and adults have more young than they can raise (bet hedging)
-females can invest in eggs differently (choose sex)
-young can be fed preferentially
22
Q
what can asynchrony is hatching order do
A
promote or reduce sibling conflict and parental favoritism
23
Q
how can parents control sex of offspring
A
-haploid/diploid organisms (fertilized egg = female, unfertilized = male)
-temperature dependent sex determination (TSD)
24
Q
genetic basis for mating system/parental care (voles example)
A
prairie voles:
-monogamous, male parental care
-vasopressin and dopamine in forebrain regulate affiliation between mates (bond formation)
-vasopressin receptor expressed at higher levels
meadow voles:
-polygynous, no male parental care
25
what are helpers at the nest
juveniles stay to help second nesting effort
-more often females
26
direct benefits of helpers at the nest
-learning about maternal care
-inherit resources
-own reproduction
27
indirect benefits of helpers at the nest
-inclusive fitness by helping related offspring
-relative reproduction
28
inclusive fitness and why it matters
direct + indirect fitness
-we share more genes with our relatives than we do with the population at larger
-by helping relatives, we pass on those genes that we share
29
Hamiltons rule
kin selection and inclusive fitness
cooperation is favored when:
rB-C > 0
r= relatedness between altruist and recipient
B= fitness benefit to recipient
C= fitness cost to the altruist
(r > C/B)
30
when do individuals become helpers
only after the best territories have been taken
31
in cooperative breeding systems, why is evolution important
lower promiscuity (can lead to complex social groups)
32
reproductive skew
the distribution of reproduction across members of a group
33
what influences the degree of reproductive skew (0-1)
-some animals could reproduce but they do not in a social group
- (1) single organism will monopolize all (sterile) others
- (0) ALL individuals in single group have equal chance to reproduce
34
high skew vs low skew
high skew - one or few individuals reproduce
low skew - everybody reproduces equally
35
factors affecting reproductive skew
-expected success of breeding independently
-expected success of the group if the individual stays
-the relatedness among group members (evolution will promote cooperative behavior to support more offspring)
-probability of becoming a dominant for a share of reproduction
36
T/F dominants control who breeds and subordinated control whether they go or stay
true
37
what should reproductive skew increase with
-greater ecological constraints on reproducing alone
-higher relatedness
-low individual fighting ability
38
Dominant individuals offer incentives to entice subordinates to stay (if there is a benefit to the dominant)... What are they
staying incentives -
39
T/F dominants should offer incentives
true, groups will do better with them
40
why do helpers at the nest lead to overlapping generations
more individuals at the nest that consist of a breeding pair in the same place
41
risk of dispersing
-death
-finding resources (food, home)
-finding mate
when costs are high (ecological constraints), offspring do better by staying home
42
risk of not dispersing
-competing with relatives
-limited resources
-inbreeding
-conflict over reproduction
43
T/F most organisms are social
false
44
recipients fitness increases and the actors fitness increases
cooperation
45
recipients fitness increases and the actors fitness decreases
altruism (difficult to evolve)
46
recipients fitness decreases and the actors fitness increases
selfishness
47
recipients fitness decreases and the actors fitness decreases
spite (only seen inhumans)
48
cooperation
- costs and benefits
- altruism and selfishness
- relatedness and kin selection
49
potential benefits and costs of sociality
benefits:
-pooled resources/shared defenses
-division of labor (individuals would do everything themselves
-indirect fitness
costs:
-shared resources
-parasitism/disease transmission
-cheaters
50
T/F reproductive skew is conflict over reproduction
true
51
unicellularity to multicellularity
single cells organisms cooperated with each other
-sequential to parallel
-allows division of labor and specialization on tasks (differentiation)
52
problems that need solving in unicellularity to multicellularity
-differential gene expression
-inheritance of cell identity in differentiated tissues (everyone wants to be gamete)
-pattern formation
53
cheating can be prevented in the social amoeba by:
-nonrelatives are recognized and excluded
-even mixing occurs within slugs
54
questions about social cheating in social amoeba
1. Do unrelated clones mix together to form slugs?
2. Are clones equally represented in the stalk vs. spore?
55
cheating in the social amoeba is not prevented by"
-nonrelatives are NOT excluded
-even mixing does NOT occur within slugs
some clones appear to be specialized cheaters but require wild-type clones for stalk formation
56
basics of cooperation and conflict (among cell lineages)
-some systems, cheating can and does arise
-cheaters often do not do well alone (become parasitic)
-bottlenecks increase genetic similarity, align interests
-control can be imposed by previous generation
57
(unicellular bottleneck) why break down a costly, multicellular organism each generation?
-all cells genetically identical, r=1 (aligns interests)
-when cheaters go through bottleneck, they are non-viable (all acorns)
58
shared defense
dilution effect - prey group together in large numbers to overwhelm the feeding capacity of the predator
selfish herd - prey found on the inside of a clump will tend to survive, those outside are eaten
59
T/F the larger the colony, the larger the offspring will become
false, the higher probability that some offspring will die of starvation
60
game theory
used to model consequences of behavioral interactions between individuals
- "currency is fitness" (money in economics
61
prisoners dilemma
cooperate/cooperate - reward for mutual cooperation (2)
defect/cooperate - maximum reward (1)
cooperate/defect - max punishment (4)
defect/defect - punishment for mutual defection (3)
62
tit for tat
remembering previous outcome and adjust your behavior accordingly
-follow previoe cooperative individual
63
T/F once cooperation is stable, there will be no defection unless a cheater becomes involved
true
64
definition of
nice
retaliatory
forgiving
nice - both players cooperate on the first move
retaliatory - player defects if an individual defected before
forgiving - player cooperates with a past defector that has now chosen to cooperate (if they defect, you automatically defect)
65
altruism
an act that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the actor
-putting yourself before others
66
reciprocal altruism
social donor (+) delayed
social recipient (+)
recipient will pay back in the future (cooperation remembered)
67
what is the key component for reciprocal altruism to work
individual recognition
68
T/F groups of organisms can have distinctive phenotypes
true
69
T/F groups of organisms can differ in total fitness, if true from what?
true, groups with cheater and non-cooperators will show less fitness over those who are all cooperative
70
contributions of V.C. Wynne Edwards
-populations of self-sacrificing individuals would survive and outcompete populations of selfish individuals
71
contributions of G.C. Williams
natural selection will act more strongly on the individual at the expense of the group
-group selection is not evolutionary stable, open to selfish and cheaters
72
conditions necessary for group selection
-very low migration between groups (prevent cheaters)
-founding groups small or related (similar genotypes)
-group extinction rates near individual death rates
73
competition levels and fitness variation needed for group selection
-competition within groups has to be much smaller than competition between groups
-variation in fitness within groups needs to be smaller than variation in average fitness between groups
74
T/F there is no variance in fitness among individuals within groups
false
75
when is there a direct benefit and an indirect benefit
direct - being a primary helper (own repro)
indirect - being a secondary helper (relative's repro)
76
relatedness
the proportion of alleles, on average, that two individuals share
77
relatedness within a population
-when individuals share alleles at HIGHER frequency than randomly selected individuals, r is POSITIVE
-when individuals share alleles at SAME frequency than randomly selected individuals, r = 0
-when individuals share alleles at a LOWER frequency than randomly selected individuals, r is NEGATIVE
78
factors that can reduce selfish behavior
direct benefits - access to resources, inheritance
kin selection - increases indirect fitness of individuals
repression of competition - success of individuals withing a group is increased when competition occurs between groups, not among group members
synergistic mutualism/obligate symbiosis
delayed benefits - give up something now for later fitness benefits
79
characteristics of eusocial societies
1- group living
2- overlap of two or more generations
3- cooperative care of the young
4- reproductive division of labor
80
T/F in eusocial insects, female castes are environmentally determined
true
81
what overall manipulates the caste ratios
mother (queen) and current offspring control feeding
82
haplo-diploid Hymenoptera
-unfertilized (male is A)
-female is B or C
-fertilized female is going to be AB or AC
83
what is the relatedness between mothers & daughters and between sisters in the haplo-diploid Hymenoptera? What does this mean?
mother & daughters - 0.50
sisters - 0.75
workers are more closely related to sisters than daughters (if single queen with one mate) so they are more inclined to help sisters with higher benefit
84
division of labor major transitions
role: pattern of behavior that appears repeatedly in different societies belonging to the same species
caste: a set of individuals, smaller than the society itself, which is limited to one or more roles
polytheism: the differentiation of behavior among categories of individuals within the society (age, sex, castes)
85
behavioral roles in vertebrate societies
highly structured division of labor not found in vertebrate societies
EXCEPT: naked mole rates and humans
86
direct roles of DOL in vertebrates
behaviors displayed by a subgroup that benefits other subgroups, thus the group as a whole
87
indirect benefits of DOL in vertebrates
selfish behaviors that are neutral or destructive to other subgroups
more common
88
leadership vs control in DOL of vertebrate societies
leadership:
-leader of the pack
-dominance hierarchies widespread
control:
-intervention in aggressive episodes
-not necessarily dominant
89
behavioral roles of naked mole rats
queen: behaviorally dominant, sole reproductive
harem of males
workers: (male and female)
small- foraging, nest building
medium- digging, defense
large- young care, work little, may inherit colony
90
what is the behavioral role like in human societies
choice of role is often selfish and not altruistic
91
social insect DOL
-complex and well-defined systems
-organization shaped by colony-level phenotype
-common features in several independently evolved eusocial lineages
92
two types of DOL in social insects
A factor in a fortress: requires sophisticated DOL
- fortress large and guarded
- factory output is workers and reproductives
insect societies as super-organisms: colony has germ line (queen) and somatic (worker) components
- colony has its own physiology (temp, nutrient flow)
-colonies reproduce
93
3 FORMS of DOL in social insects
1- reproductive: queens vs. workers
2- morphological castes: morphologically specialized workers (we can mess with their form because they do not reproduce) make distinct jobs
3- behavioral castes: task specialization among workers, temporal polytheism (change roles with age)
94
theoretical models of DOL
response threshold model - differ in frequency based on their sensitivity (specialization arises because stimulus kept at low level, few workers ever perform a given task)
foraging for work model - where a worker is in nest depends on age (young near center and with age pushed out), task need associated with nest position, worker fills need
self-organization, emergent properties - individuals respond to local cues, may be a few "key" individuals, can be driven by interaction frequency among individuals (ONLY model this can be applied)
95
conservation of biology
the science of scarcity and diversity
96
the role of behavior in conservation
issues in conservation biology that can benefit from the study of animal behavior
97
what do you need to know with captive breeding
-requirements for breeding
-mating system
-social structure
-characters involved in mate choice
98
reintroductions
many reintroduction attempts fail because captive bred animals lack skilled needed to survive
-recognize/respond to predators (interspecific)
-locate food/water
-distinguish toxic from palatable food
-recognize conspecifics as mates
99
species management and viability - population size -
population size (N) vs. effective population size (Ne)
-female deaths reduce Ne
-monogamous species N=Ne (both parents present for care)
-polygynous species N>>>Ne (killing of dominant males leads to mating of less fit males
biases in operational sex ratio can influence Ne
100
species management and viability - specific habitat or nesting requirements -
-mating systems
-leks
-cavities and old growth forests
101
the cheetah controversy
cheetah has very low genetic diversity (which can be contributed by all of below)
-suffer high individual mortality
-impaired reproduction (low sperm viability)
-increased susceptibility to disease
102
why is genetic diversity a big deal in cheetahs
-lot of carnivores have low levels of diversity and low sperm viability (reducing chance of mating attempts)
103
consequences of recreational hunting
-use sexually selected traits to assess value (highest fit males)
-these traits are declining with hunting
104
biological invasions
species that spread subsequent to establishment and have some economic or ecological cost
105
consequences of biological invasions
-threaten biodiversity
-costly
-widespread
106
what are the largest costs with non-native species
microbes
mammals
plants
over $136 billion/year
107
what are some hypotheses for the success of invaders
-escape from natural enemies
-increased competitive ability
-pre-adapted to disturbed environments
108
what behaviors may promote introduced species success
-species disperse far and fast
-be bold and exploratory
-behaviorally flexible 1
109
what behaviors may promote invasion success
-understanding establishment success
-determining patterns and rate of speed (dispersal)
-competitive displacement of native species
110
how do invaders interact with native species
co-evolution
111
meme
information pattern, held in individual's memory
-capable of being copied to another individual's memory
112
memtics
theoretical and empirical science that studies the replication, spread and evolution of memes
(DNA of human society or cultural evolution)
113
Richard Dawkins
credited the concept of meme
-memes are unit of cultural evolution
114
T/F cultural transmission is present only in humans
false, song dialects and tool use in birds
115
in what ways are human and animal societies similar
-overlapping generations (helpers at nest)
-cooperative brood care
-division of labor (castes)
-altruism (humans only true species)
116
T/F social groups are most often made up of related individuals
true
117
T/F animals can have a sense of morality and fairness
false
118
evolutionary psychology
study of adaptive significance of behavior
-views the mind and a structure designed by natural selection to solve adaptive problems faced by our hunter-gatherer ancestors
119
levels of analysis of evolutionary psychology
proximate
-mechanisms
-ontogeny
ultimate
-adaptive significance
-evolutionary history
120
limitations of evolutionary psychology
-males limited to access to sexually receptive females
-females limited to access to resources and good genes
121
how have studies on human behavior been used to assess mate preference in humans
based on sexual selection/parental investment and how willing they are to contribute to a relationship or genetic quality
122
species typical behavior
each species exhibits behaviors that differentiates it from other species
123
population typical behaviors
each population of birds learn a particular dialect
124
individual typical behaviors
each individual bird builds his own unique repertoire of songs
125
what is individual variation important
it is necessary and the BASIS of natural selection
(Darwin)
126
T/F Wilson thought that variation might be the RESULT of natural selection
true
127
personality (psychological and behavioral ecology definition)
psychological - distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterize and individual throughout life
behavioral ecology - consistent individual differences in behavior across time and or context
128
personality definition
consistent individual differences in behavior
129
behavioral type definition
the set of behaviors an individual exhibits
130
behavioral syndrome
correlated behaviors across contexts in a group of individuals
131
boldness
reaction to a risky behavior
-willingness to forage under predation risk
132
exploratory behavior
willingness to enter/explore a novel environment or object
133
aggression
agonistic behavior of a focal individual towards a conspecific
134
general activity level
how active the individual is in a "normal" situation
-frequently correlates with exploratory behavior
135
sociability
an individual's reaction to the presence/absence of other individuals: how much does an individual seek to be near other individuals?
136
animal big five
many of the axes suggested by Reale et al correlate with each other
-human big five developed after YEARS of surveying and data collection - not enough info for animals
137
genetic correlations
pleiotropic effects of genes and/or hormones
138
male juncos genetic correlation
males treated with testosterone show an increase in EPC but coupled with increased mortality
139
T/F behavior correlations might be adaptive
true
140
why would predation favor a correlation?
often see different strategies for coping with predators, which are related to behaviors in other contexts
-high levels of aggression are incompatible with effective schooling. Individuals relying on schooling for defense should be non-aggressive. In contrast, predators' inspectors may be aggressive in other contexts
141
state-dependent models
behaviors are just the outward phenotype of some internal "state"
-morphology, hormonal levels. they are slow changing
142
what are the big five descriptors of personality
-openness
-conscientiousness
-extraversion
-agreeableness
-neuroticism
143
are differences in personality primarily genetic or environmentally determined
non-shared environmental effects account for 50% of variance
144
how can the small changes of serotonin influence behavior
variation in receptors and how much serotonin we produce can cause differences in mood
-the receptor most target to modify with drugs (5-HTT)
145
5-HTT gene (serotonin transporter)
s - associated with reduced transcription and DOMINANT to I
-16 repeat (I long)
-14 repeat (s short)
146
T/F there is evidence of scizophrenia with a genetic influence
true, it can run a family and evidence suggested that the predisposition is inherited, not the certainty of developing it itself
147
environmental effects of schizophrenics
most likely to be born in winter or early spring
-some seasonally varying factor alters the developing CNS
148
