Exam 3 Review

Question 1

a schedule for reinforcing the first response after a fixed number of responses

Answer 1

Fixed Ratio

Question 2

Fixed Ratio

Answer 2

a schedule for reinforcing the first response after a fixed number of responses

Question 3

reinforcing the first response after a variable number of responses

Answer 3

variable ratio

Question 4

Variable Ratio

Answer 4

reinforcing the first response after a variable number of responses

Question 5

schedule for reinforcing the first response after a fixed period of time since the prior reinforcement

Answer 5

fixed interval

Question 6

fixed interval

Answer 6

schedule for reinforcing the first response after a fixed period of time since the prior reinforcement

Question 7

reinforcing the first response after a varying period of time

Answer 7

variable interval

Question 8

variable interval

Answer 8

reinforcing the first response after a varying period of time

Question 9

What are the different types of intermittent reinforcement?

Answer 9

Continuous: every repose reports a reinforcer

Intermittent: some responses are reinforced (FR, FI, VR, VI)

Extinction: every response earn no reinforcer

Question 10

Which schedule of reinforcement is the fastest and most consistent with responses and is our favorite?

Answer 10

Variable Ratio

Question 11

Which schedule of reinforcement has a scallop pattern?

Answer 11

Fixed Interval

Question 12

What scientist tested intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation with markers?

Answer 12

Neuringer

Question 13

What were the conclusions of Neuringer’s studies?

Answer 13

any time you move from more to less reinforcement, there will be a below-baseline dip in responding

the type of reinforcement used (intrinsic vs extrinsic) doesn’t appear to matter

the effect is temporary

extrinsic rewards are not evil

Question 14

Any task that involves vigilance involves which schedule of reinforcement?

Answer 14

Variable Interval

Question 15

When behavior occurs in the presence of novel stimulus (that resemble an SD)

Answer 15

generalization

Question 16

generalization

Answer 16

When behavior occurs in the presence of novel stimulus (that resemble an SD)

Question 17

What is the shape of the generalization gradient?

Answer 17

Bell-shaped, curved

Question 18

What three techniques are used to promote generalization?

Answer 18

train and hope, generalization training (best), similar stimuli

Question 19

What is the Milgram compliance studies?

Answer 19

person in lab coat tells participant to deliver shock. 40% give fatal shock.

The more status the person appeared to have the more likely they’ll give the fatal shock

Question 20

Study where participant delivers shock

Answer 20

Milgram Compliance Study

Question 21

Importance of Milgram Compliance Study of generalization?

Answer 21

participants found people who wore white lab coats (fit their generalized view of reliable authority) to be trustworthy to the point of lethal shock

Question 22

positive punishment

Answer 22

The procedure in which a stimulus is delivered contingent upon a behavior and the rate of that behavior decreases

Question 23

The procedure in which a stimulus is delivered contingent upon a behavior and the rate of that behavior decreases

Answer 23

postive punishment

Question 24

2x2 grid

Answer 24

Top row: Increase and Decrease

Left column: Presented and Removed

Presented-Increase: Positive Reinforcement

Presented-decrease: Positive Punishment

Removed-Increase: Negative Reinforcement

Removed-Decrease: Negative Punishment

Question 25

a procedure for determining why inappropriate behavior occurs

Answer 25

functional analysis

Question 26

functional analysis

Answer 26

a procedure for determining why inappropriate behavior occurs

Question 27

What are the steps of function analysis?

Answer 27

self-stimulating, attention-seeking, escape behavior chart all of these to see what the SIB is for if the SIB can't be diminished with reinforcers, then they can use punishers

Question 28

When can punishment be used?

Answer 28

the behavior is harmful to the client or those around the client Functional analysis fails to yield an effective reinforcement based intervention punishment is part of a meticulously designed and professionally monitored clinical intervention clients or client's parent/guardian consents to procedure

Question 29

the procedure in which a stimulus is withdrawn contingent upon a behavior and the rate of that behavior decreases

Answer 29

negative punishment

Question 30

negative punishment

Answer 30

the procedure in which a stimulus is withdrawn contingent upon a behavior and the rate of that behavior decreases

Question 31

In order for timeout to be an effective punishment by contingent withdrawal procedure, what has to happen?

Answer 31

the organism has to be removed from a reinforcing environment or activity

Question 32

What are the characteristics of effective punishment?

Answer 32

contingency: deliver punisher when behavior occurs Immediacy: deliver punisher directly after behavior size: larger magnitude punisher are more effective establishing operation: the more motivated one is for the reinforcer, the less effective punishment will be

Question 33

What are some of the side-effects of punishment?

Answer 33

emotional response: you deliver punishment, you are conditioned as aversive stimulus addiction to using punishment: immediate effectiveness, more likely to use it again

Question 34

Overt, voluntary behavior emitted where more than one action could have been taken

Answer 34

choice

Question 35

choice

Answer 35

Overt, voluntary behavior emitted where more than one action could have been taken

Question 36

What are the four variables of choice?

Answer 36

reinforcement, reinforcer size, response effort, reinforcer immediacy

Question 37

What does the left side of the Matching Law equation stand for?

Answer 37

behavior

Question 38

What does the right side of the Matching Law equation stand for?

Answer 38

reinforcement rates

Question 39

What is the Matching Law equation and who discovered it?

Answer 39

Herrnstein B1/B1+B2 = R1/R1+R2

Question 40

the value of a reinforcer is discounted when it is delivered following a delay.

Answer 40

delay discounting

Question 41

delay discounting

Answer 41

the value of a reinforcer is discounted when it is delivered following a delay.

Question 42

What is the shape of the delay discounting function?

Answer 42

It starts high then drops quickly and kinda levels out but continues to drop. Like a curved "L."

Question 43

A complex choice situation that pits two variables against one another. occurs when you choose a smaller-sooner over a larger- later reinforcer

Answer 43

impulsivity

Question 44

impulsivity

Answer 44

A complex choice situation that pits two variables against one another. occurs when you choose a smaller-sooner over a larger- later reinforcer

Question 45

one that is inconsistent over time

Answer 45

irrational choice

Question 46

irrational choice

Answer 46

one that is inconsistent over time

Question 47

How does the shape of the delay discounting function help us understand irrational choices?

Answer 47

e.g. seeing the benefit of studying for a test that's 28 days away once break is over, over watching tv in 8 days. But as the break ends, the value of tv increases to being higher than a test that's still 20 days away. So you change your mind which is irrational.

Question 48

What is the Rachlin and Green experiment?

Answer 48

Pigeon picks between red key orange key. Red key goes to blue (delay then 3) and green key (no delay and 1). Orange goes to blue (delay then 3) and black key (nothing). Pigeon ends up picking orange, forcing themselves to wait for larger-later reinforcer.

Question 49

How are the results of the Rachlin and Green experiment relevant to human decision making?

Answer 49

If we often choose irrational choices, we can learn from the pigeons to force ourselves to pick the larger-later. Leaving us no option of the smaller-sooner.