Unit 2 Terms

Question 1

we see that
presenting food into the dog’s mouth
causes the dog to salivate. Because
salivating happens without the dog having learned anything about environmental conditions that precede food delivery, we refer to food as an…

Answer 1

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Question 2

The salivating as a response of seeing food

Answer 2

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Question 3

the sound of the tuning fork after being associated with food then getting rid if the food and just doing the tuning fork

Answer 3

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Question 4

the salivating as a response to the sound of the tuning fork and not food

Answer 4

Conditioned Response (CR)

Question 5

the sound of the tuning fork

Answer 5

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Question 6

Psychologist who did the Little Albert study and is very important to classical conditioning (advertisements)

Answer 6

Watson

Question 7

adding something (SR+)

presentation of a stimulus

increases behavior above a baseline

Answer 7

Positive Reinforcement

Question 8

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 8

adding something (SR+)

presentation of a stimulus

increases behavior above a baseline

Question 9

They are observable stimulus changes that happen after behavior. Something is added after the behavior occurs.

Answer 9

Positive Reinforcer

Question 10

An “if - then” relation between behavior and consequence

If the behavior occurs, then the reinforcer will be delivered

Answer 10

Contingency

Question 11

Removal of, or prevention of an aversive stimulus. Increases the behavior above a baseline level

Answer 11

Negative Reinforcement

Question 12

They are observable stimulus changes that happen after behavior. Something is removed or avoided as a result of the behavior.

Answer 12

Negative Reinforcer

Question 13

taking action to terminate aversive stimulation

Answer 13

Escape Behavior

Question 14

taking action to prevent encountering an aversive stimulus

Answer 14

Avoidance Behavior

Question 15

Procedure in which an event that follows a behavior is stopped and the rate of the behavior decreases

Answer 15

Extinction

Question 16

Temporary increase in the rate of the extinguished behavior

Answer 16

Extinction Burst

Question 17

Behavior that is reinforced every time undergoes rapid extinction. Intermittently reinforced behavior takes longer to undergo extinction.

Answer 17

Partial-Reinforcement Effect

Question 18

A procedure involving two or more physically different behaviors; one behavior is reinforced, and all other behaviors are extinguished

Answer 18

Differential Reinforcement

Question 19

When they use it to reinforce any behavior that is an alternative to undesirable behavior but not incompatible.

Answer 19

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)

Question 20

When they use it to reinforce any behavior that is not the extinction behavior.

Answer 20

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)

Question 21

When they use it to reinforce behavior incompatible with an undesirable behavior.

Answer 21

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)

e.g. parents praise for eating with good manner, incompatible with eating like a slob

Question 22

Is appropriate when the behavior is not a problem, but the rate is unacceptable low.

Answer 22

Differential Reinforcement of High Rate Behavior (DRH)

Question 23

Is appropriate when the behavior is not a problem, but the rate is unacceptable high

Answer 23

Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate Behavior (DRL)

Question 24

Differential Reinforcement

Answer 24

A procedure involving two or more physically different behaviors; one behavior is reinforced, and all other behaviors are extinguished

1 stimulus, 2 behaviors

knowing HOW to behave in a situation

Question 25

the differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a target behavior

Answer 25

Shaping

Question 26

steps towards the target behavior behaviors increasingly similar to the target behavior

Answer 26

Successive Approximations e.g. "duh," "da," and "da...da" are successive approximations to "dada"

Question 27

The standard for reinforcement changes. A behavior that was reinforced no longer produces the reinforcer.

Answer 27

Changing Criteria e.g. used to get a reinforcer for saying "duh," but now there is no reinforcer for that, only for saying "dada"

Question 28

The goal of the shaping behavior

Answer 28

Target Behavior

Question 29

Shaping

Answer 29

the differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a target behavior

Question 30

Consists of: reinforcing a behavior in the presence of a particular antecedent stimulus ad extinguishing it in the presence of another antecedent stimulus

Answer 30

Discrimination Training 2 situations, 1 behavior know WHEN to engage in a specific behavior

Question 31

Discrimination Training

Answer 31

Consists of: reinforcing a behavior in the presence of a particular antecedent stimulus ad extinguishing it in the presence of another antecedent stimulus

Question 32

a stimulus in the presence of which a response is reinforced and in the absence of which goes unreinforced

Answer 32

Discriminative Stimulus (SD)

Question 33

Is a stimulus in the presence of which the behavior has a history of extinction.

Answer 33

S-Delta (SΔ)

Question 34

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Answer 34

Stimulus Control

Question 35

Three-Term Contingency

Answer 35

Antecedent Behavior Reinforcer SD/SΔ Operant Behavior Reinforcer/No reinforcer

Question 36

Must deliver the reinforcer at the time the desired behavior occurs

Answer 36

Immediacy

Question 37

Delivering an event only when the desired behavior occurs

Answer 37

Contingency

Question 38

Must ensure the amount is worthwhile

Answer 38

Size

Question 39

Change in environment to make a reinforcer more desirable

Answer 39

Establishing Operation (EO)

Question 40

Establishing Operation (EO) 2 requirements

Answer 40

Change in environment to make a reinforcer more desirable 1) value altering function 2) increases the probability of behavior that has led to that reinforcer in the past **check PP once it's posted**

Question 41

A consequence that maintains behavior. No learning required for this consequence to serve as a reinforcer.

Answer 41

Primary Reinforcer

Question 42

A consequent stimulus that acquires reinforcing properties during the lifetime of the organism.

Answer 42

Conditioned Reinforcers one back up

Question 43

A type of conditioned reinforcers that has multiple back up reinforcers

Answer 43

Generalized Reinforcers