Exam 3 Review

Question 0

Long Cone

Answer 0

wavelength light excites “red” cones and the red-green ganglion cell, to give the sensation of red. Or the “L” cone

Question 1

Trichromatic Theory

Answer 1

states that just three color processes account for all the colors we are able to distinguish. Red, green, and blue

Question 2

Medium Cone

Answer 2

wavelength light excites the “green” cones and inhibits the red-green cell, reducing its firing rate below its spontaneous level and signaling green to the brain. The “M” cone

Question 3

Small Cone

Answer 3

wavelength light excites “blue” cones and inhibits the yellow-blue ganglion cell, leading to a sensation of blue. The “S” cone

Question 4

Opponent process theory

Answer 4

attempts to explain color vision in terms of opposing neural processes. yellow, black, and green flag is the negative color after effect
red/green receptor is broken down by red light and regenerates in the presence of green light
The chemical in the yellow/blue receptor is broken down in the presence of yellow light and regenerates in the presence of blue light.
This arrangement was proposed to explain the phenomenon of complementary colors, colors that cancel each other out to produce a neutral gray or white.

Question 5

Ventral or “what” Visual pathway from the occipital to the temporal lobe

Answer 5

ventral stream flows from the visual cortex into the temporal lobes,
Which is the parvocellular system (Parvocellular ganglion cells are located mostly in the fovea and Involve discrimination of fine detail (visual acuity) and color.)

Question 6

The Dorsal or “where/how” Visual Pathway from the occipital to the parietal lobe

Answer 6

dorsal stream from the visual cortex to the parietal lobes.
magnocellular system which Magnocellular ganglion cells are located mostly in the periphery and are specialized for brightness contrast and for movement.

Question 7

Blindsight

Answer 7

They can locate and track the movement of objects and they can discriminate colors, all the while claiming to be guessing.
The posterior parietal lobe is the back up signal that can still detect movements of the object but cannot actually see the object

Question 8

Object agnosia

Answer 8

Object agnosia is the impaired ability to recognize objects.

caused by damage to the inferior temporal cortex

Question 9

Prosopagnosia

Answer 9

Prosopagnosia is the inability to visually recognize familiar faces.
fusiform gyrus on the underside of the temporal lobe is so important to face recognition that it is referred to as the fusiform face area.

Question 10

Color agnosia

Answer 10

Color agnosia is the loss of the ability to perceive colors, due to brain damage

Question 11

Movement agnosia

Answer 11

Movement agnosia is the inability to perceive movement.

Question 12

Vision neglect

Answer 12

patient ignores visual, touch, and auditory stimulation on the side opposite the injury.
Neglect is not due to any defect in visual processing, but rather to a deficit in attention.

Question 13

The auditory cortex pathway

Answer 13

The neurons pass through brain stem nuclei to the inferior colliculi, to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, and finally to the auditory cortex in each temporal lobe

Question 14

Visual Pathway

Answer 14

The two optic nerves run to a point just in front of the pituitary, where they join for a short distance at the optic chiasm before separating again and traveling to their first synapse in the lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus. Where axons synapse from the optic nerve to the thalamus then neurons are sent to the striate cortex in the occipital lobe.

Question 15

The auditory cortex is on the superior (upper) gyrus of the temporal lobe of each hemisphere. How is it organized?

Answer 15

The area is topographically organized, which means that neurons from adjacent receptor locations project to adjacent cells in the cortex.
In this case, the projections form a sort of map of the unrolled basilar membrane.

Question 16

Broca’s or expressive aphasia

Answer 16

Broca’s aphasia is language impairment caused by damage to Broca’s area and surrounding cortical and subcortical areas.
Limited to one or two syllables and located on the left side of the primary motor cortex kind of in the premotor cortex. Planning of response

Question 17

Language

Answer 17

Language is not limited to speech, but includes the generation and understanding of written, spoken, and gestural communication.

Question 18

Wernicke’s or receptive aphasia

Answer 18

Wernicke’s aphasia the person has difficulty understanding and producing spoken and written language. Word Salad.
Located in the posterior portion of the left temporal lobe. Comprehension

Question 19

Wernicke-Geschwind model

Answer 19

Answering a Spoken Question:
AUDITORY CORTEX ➞ WERNICKE’S AREA ➞ BROCA’S AREA
Broca’s area then communicates with the facial area of the motor cortex to produce speech.

Question 20

Alexia, an angular gyrus disruption

Answer 20

Alexia is the inability to read.

Question 21

Agraphia, an angular gyrus disruption

Answer 21

Agraphia is the inability to write.

Question 22

Dyslexia

Answer 22

Dyslexia, an impairment of reading. In most people the planum temporale, where Wernicke’s area is located, is larger in the left than in the right.

Question 23

mirror neurons

Answer 23

respond both when we engage in specific acts and while observing the same act in others. Located in angular gyrus, wernicke’s area, and Broca’s area.

Question 24

Somatosenses

Answer 24

Proprioception, the sense that informs us about the position and movement of our limbs and body the skin senses, which tell us about conditions at the surface of our body the interoceptive system, concerned with sensations in our internal organs

Question 25

Vestibular System

Answer 25

The vestibular sense helps us maintain balance, and it provides information about head position and movement. The vestibular organs, in the inner ear, are the semicircular canals, the utricle, and the saccule. The vestibular system sends projections to the cerebellum and the brain stem and to posterior parietal cortex

Question 26

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Answer 26

Spinal cord to thalamus then swaps info with secondary somatosensory to posterior parietal lobe. Most of the neurons cross from one side of the body to the other side of the brain, so the touch of an object held in the right hand is registered mostly in the left hemisphere.

Question 27

secondary somatosensory cortex

Answer 27

The secondary somatosensory cortex receives input from the left and the right primary somatosensory cortices, so it combines information from both sides of the body.

Question 28

posterior parietal cortex

Answer 28

The posterior parietal cortex is an association area that brings together the body senses, vision, and audition.

Question 29

What are the "somatosenses"?

Answer 29

The somatosenses include: 1) Proprioception - the sense that informs us about the position and movement of our limbs and body. 2) The skin senses - touch, warmth, cold, and pain 3) The interoceptive system - that which is concerned with sensations in our internal organs.

Question 30

Identify the pathway of a neural impulse from a simple touch. For example, how does sensory information travel through the body (identify the path taken).

Answer 30

Receptors (can be from the cranial nerves or peripheral nerves) –> spinal cord –> brainstem –> thalamus –> primary sensory cortical areas –> nonprimary sensory cortical areas.

Question 31

What is "apraxia"?

Answer 31

Apraxia is an impairment in the ability to carry out the complex movements, even though there is no muscle paralysis. This can be caused by a stroke or other damage to the premotor cortex.

Question 32

If sensory input occurs on the right side of the body, which hemisphere is responsible for processing this information?

Answer 32

The left hemisphere.

Question 33

The primary somatosensory cortex projects to the ___________ cortex, as well as to the secondary somatosensory cortex.

Answer 33

Posterior parietal cortex.

Question 34

Amputees often report the perception of sensations in their missing limbs due to activity in the _____________ cortex.

Answer 34

Posterior parietal cortex. This part of the brain is responsible for determining the body's orientation in space, the location of the limbs, and the location in space of objects detected by touch, sight, and sound.

Question 35

____________ is when a patient ignores visual input and stimulation on the side OPPOSITE the injury (which is usually on the left side).

Answer 35

Visual neglect

Question 36

Pain is transmitted from the periphery to the brain by the following pathway: Sensory input –> spinal cord –> medulla –> ___________ –> midbrain (periaqueductal grey area) –> thalamus –> ___________ cortex.

Answer 36

1) pons | 2) cingulate cortex

Question 37

A healthy human ear can hear sounds from _____ Hz to _____ Hz.

Answer 37

20Hz to 20,000Hz (or, 20kHz).

Question 38

_______ agnosia is the impaired ability to recognise objects.

Answer 38

Object agnosia. This is caused by damage to the inferior temporal cortex.

Question 39

The loss of the ability to perceive colours due to brain damage (V4 area) is called __________.

Answer 39

Colour agnosia.

Question 40

The inability to perceive movement is called ___________.

Answer 40

Movement agnosia; caused by damage to the V5 area.

Question 41

When visual input is received, the _______ stream determines WHAT you are looking at (also, is part of the parvocellular system), while the _______ stream determines WHERE/HOW you are looking at something.

Answer 41

1) Ventral stream | 2) Dorsal stream

Question 42

The _____________ and limbic system structures are the seat of emotions.

Answer 42

Hypothalamus

Question 43

The amygdala is involved in _________ emotions.

Answer 43

Negative emotions (fear, pain, anger, etc).

Question 44

Stimulation of the septal nuclei produces _______.

Answer 44

Pleasure

Question 45

The _________ cortex is necessary for making judgements about behaviour and its consequences... never leave home without it!

Answer 45

Prefrontal cortex

Question 46

Define "stress".

Answer 46

Stress is a condition in the environment that make unusual demands on the organism (such as a threat, failure, or bereavement).

Question 47

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a group of structures that help the body cope with _______.

Answer 47

Stress

Question 48

Form vision is the detection of an object's __________.

Answer 48

Boundaries.

Question 49

What is the "cocktail party effect"?

Answer 49

The cocktail party effect is the ability to sort out meaningful auditory messages from a complex background of noises.

Question 50

_______ cues help us to locate the source of a sound.

Answer 50

Binaural cues.