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Exam 3 Study Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Transmission Genetics

A

Genetic processes that occur within individuals and how genes are passed from one individual to another

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2
Q

Molecular Genetics

A

Molecular structure of heredity, DNA and how biochemical process of the cell transfer genes to phenotype

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3
Q

Quantitative Genetics

A

transmission of traits in large groups of individuals, where traits are simultaneously determined by many genes

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4
Q

Population Genetics

A

Transmission of traits in large groups of individuals, where traits are determined at one or a few genetic loci.
Studies the changes in genetic patterns of populations.

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5
Q

Neo-Darwinian Synthesis

A

The fusion of Mendel’s laws of inheritance with Darwin’s evolution was done by Ronald Fisher, Sewall Wright, and J. B. S. haldane.

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6
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals (usually large) that occur in the same place and are of the same species.

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7
Q

Gene Pool

A

The genes shared by individuals in a population. Some alleles may be very common, but others are quite rare.

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8
Q

Frequency

A

A proportion (genotype or alleles) that always ranges between 0 and 1

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9
Q

Genotype Frequency

A

Simply count the number of individuals with a given genotype and divide by total number of individuals with a given genotype and divide by total number of individuals

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10
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Random Fluctuations in the frequencies of alleles or haplotypes, often leading to some alleles being fixed (100% frequency)
Its a form of nonadaptive evolution, and it a consequence of chance

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11
Q

Brachydactyly

A

Genetic defect causing shortening of the fingers, and is a dominant trait.

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12
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A
  1. Mating is random
  2. The population is infinitely large, genetic drift is not likely
  3. No gene flow or migration
  4. Mutation does not occur
  5. All individuals have equal probabilities of survival and reproduction
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13
Q

Symbols for Allele frequency

A

f(A) dominant allele = p

f(a) recessive allele = q

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14
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Formula

A

1 = p^2 + 2pq + q^2

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15
Q

Concealed genetic Variation

A

when homozygous recessive alleles are very rare, almost all of the carriers are heterozygous.

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16
Q

if HW assumptions are met, then…

A

Allele Frequencies will not change
Genotype frequencies will stabilize after one generation
Subsequent generations will remain at HW equilibrium

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17
Q

Allopatric Distribution

A

Populations that DO NOT overtlap, and are often separated by a distance

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18
Q

Sympatric Distribution

A

Populations that DO overlap each other

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19
Q

Parapatric Distribution

A

Populations that do not overlap but are just ADJACENT to each other (not separated by distance)

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20
Q

Hybrid Zone

A

A region in which genetically distinct parapatric populations (odten species) interbreed.

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21
Q

Cline

A

A gradual change in a character or allele frequencies over a geographic distance - often indicative of adaptive geopgraphic variation

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22
Q

Violation of HW: Mutation

A

A mutation from A to a is a forward mutation- mutation rate is u
A mutation from a to A is a reverse mutation- mutation rate is v

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23
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

when a species goes through an event that suddenly and significantly reduces its population

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24
Q

Founder Effect

A

A special type of bottleneck in which a small # of individuals establishes a new population.

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25
Coalescence
Concept that all gene copies in a population are derived from a common ancestor. The smaller the pop. the less time required for coalescence.
26
Deme
Small independent populations of a species
27
Metapopulation
Several proximate demes
28
Random Walk
Equally likely consecutive changes that result in fixation or loss of an allele
29
Census Size (Absolute Population Size)
Actual number of adults in a population
30
Effective population size (Ne)
Number of individuals in an ideal population in which the rate of genetic drift would be the same as it is in the actual population.
31
Inbreeding Depression
The reduction of fitness resulting from an increase in deleterious homozygous recessive alleles in inbred individuals.
32
Genetic Rescue
Introduction of new genes to inbred population
33
Mitochondria
Organelles involved in cellular respiration, which converts biochemical energy from nutrients to ATP
34
ATP
is a moleucle of stored energy that can be used for several crucial cellular processes
35
Oxidative Phosphorylation
The electron transport chain system of the mitochondria trasnport ions to the intermembranal space, creating a gradient
36
Substrate-level phosphorylation (Krebs Cycle)
Also makes ATP through a series of chemical reactions in the matrix of mitochondria
37
mtDNA
Can be used to trace familial relationships in humans
38
If sperm don’t have mitochondria (most of the time), where do they get the energy to swim to the egg?
the “midpiece” section of the sperm contains huge numbers of mitochondria (or one large one in some species) that provide ATP for the tail, or flagellum
39
Maternal Inheritance
Genotype of mom is what is important Mitochondria are in the egg and none of the mitochondria come from Dad
40
Biological Species Concept (BSC)
A species is a population or a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring
41
Prezygotic Isolation
prevents the fertilization of eggs. | Impedes mating or hinder fertilization if mating does not occur
42
Postzygotic Isolation
Prevents the formation of fertile offspring
43
What processes drive speciation?
1. Genetic Drift and/or mutation 2. Natural selection 3. Polyploidy and hybridization
44
Evolution
All species have descended over time from one or a few common ancestors through the process of natural selection
45
Allopatric Speciation
The evolution of genetic reproductive barriers between populations that are geographically seperated by a physical barrier
46
Clades
Diverged 3 to 4 million years ago when sea level was higher, creating a barrier to gene flow
47
Monophyletic group
a group which contains all the descendants of a common ancestor
48
paraphyletic group
consists of the group's last common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor excluding a few
49
polyphyletic group
set of organisms, or other evolving elements, that have been grouped together based on characteristics that do not imply that they share a common ancestor
50
Homology
similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their descent from a common evolutionary ancestor.
51
Homoplasy
A character state that has independently evolved two or more times, or similarity is NOT from common ancestry
52
Autapomorphy
derived character state present in a single lineage
53
Plesiomorphy
Ancestral character state (e.g, gelatinous eggs)
54
Synapomorphy
A homologous character state that supports the monophyly of a group through common ancestry.
55
Maximum Parsimony
all mutations are equally likely
56
Long-branch attraction:
Species with many autapomorphies will be chosen as sister groups, when in reality they are not
57
FOXP2 Gene in Hominids
Found in neaderthals, suggests they could talk to some degree
58
Ways to reduce Effective Population size:
1. Variation in the offspring produced by females, males, or both 2. A sex ratio that differs from 1:1 3. Natural selection increases variation in offspring of certain phenotypes 4. If generations overlap, probability of inbreeding increases 5. Fluctuations in population size, especially when population sizes are small
59
Identical by descent
Two copies of the allele are descended from the same copy in a common ancestor.
60
identical by state
Copies of the allele are identical, but are descended from two different copies in ancestors
61
(FST) fixation index measures...
variation in a locus for two alleles among populations
62
Descent with modification
genetic changes in a population over time
63
Which dictator seized power as a dictator in a coup, and ended up stealing billions of dollars from the international community?
Mobutu
64
Who allied with Uganda and Rwanda to fight the Hutu, and marched to the capital to become president? This person also restored the Congo name
Laurent Kabila
65
Which leader was elected to prime minister in 1960, and was assassinated by the CIA after he sought an alliance with the Soviet Union
Patrice Lumumba
66
Who led the Global Amphibian assessment, with experts from 60 countries
Simon Stuart
67
Who were the writers of Neo-darwinian synthesis?
Fisher, Wright, and Haldane
68
Peripatric Speciation
Speciation in which new species evolve in a sub-population that colonized a new habitat or niche within the same geographical area of the ancestral species, and experience genetic drift.
69
parapatric speciation
when new species evolve in contiguous, yet spatially segregated habitats. Due to reduced gene flow. two subpopulations of a species evolve reproductive isolation from one another while continuing to exchange genes
70
Sympatric Speciation
speciation process when two groups of identical species lived in identical geographical areas, they evolve in such a way that they could no longer interbreed. At that point, they are considered to be different species.

Genetics (3 decks)

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