Exam 3 Study Guide Flashcards
(291 cards)
1
Q
Define decussation
A
point of junction at medulla and spinal cord
2
Q
What is pyramidal decussation
A
where the motor fibers from medullary pyramids cross the midline
3
Q
What happens with pyramidal decussation?
A
After motor fibers cross the midline, they continue into the spinal cord onto the corticospinal tract
4
Q
Describe the internal capsule:
A
White matter tract that carries ongoing fibers from the cortex and ingoing fibers from the thalamus to the cortex
5
Q
Describe the internal capsule
A
Very long pyramidal cell axons that go all the way from the cortex to the spinal cord
6
Q
Describe the Cerebrum
A
Two hemispheres of the brain
7
Q
What does the cerebrum do?
A
The left side controls movement on the right side of the body. The right side controls movement on the left side of the body (contralateral)
8
Q
What does the pyramidal decussation do?
A
Moves along corticospinal tract, descending from cortex to spinal cord, switches sides (decussates) in the lower medulla
9
Q
What does decussate mean?
A
Switches sides
10
Q
What is the cerebellum?
A
It’s different from the cerebral cortex, controlling the left body with the left side, and right controls right (ipsilateral)
11
Q
Does the cerebrum work on the same or opposite sides of the brain vs body?
A
contralateral
12
Q
Does the cerebellum work on the same or opposite sides of the brain vs body?
A
ipsilateral
13
Q
What is the brain stem?
A
beginning of the spinal cord
14
Q
What does anterior mean?
A
front
15
Q
What does rostral mean?
A
front
16
Q
What is another word for anterior?
A
rostral
17
Q
What is another word for rostral?
A
anterior
18
Q
What does posterior mean?
A
rear
19
Q
What does caudal mean?
A
rear
20
Q
What is another word for posterior?
A
caudal
21
Q
What is another word for rostral?
A
posterior
22
Q
What does lateral mean?
A
side
23
Q
What does dorsal mean?
A
top
24
Q
What does the back of an animal also mean anatomically?
A
dorsal
25
What does ventral mean?
bottom
26
What does the belly of an animal also mean anatomically?
ventral
27
What does superior mean?
located above another structure
28
What does inferior mean?
located below another strcuture
29
What does superficial mean?
close to the surface
30
What does deep mean?
further from the surface
31
Describe what sagittal sectioning looks like for the brain?
longer ends of paper go up and down, slicing from the middle
32
What does coronal sectioning looks like for the brain?
longer ends of paper go left and right, slicing from the middle
33
What is another name for coronal (concerning section planes)?
transversal
34
What does horizontal sectioning look like for the brain?
shorter ends of paper face in front of you and towards you, slicing flat in the middle of the brain
35
When can you see bilateral symmetry while sectioning the brain?
with coronal sectioning (produces symmetrical results)
36
What is the brain the evolutionary expansion of?
the neocortex
37
What is the neocortex?
part of the cerebral cortex where it is thought the higher cognitive processes come from
38
What are gyri?
Ridges of the brain
39
What are sulci?
the grooves of the brain
40
What are the main focal parts for the sulci? (3, named sulcus)
Central Sulcus
Lateral Sulcus/Sylvian Fissure
Parieto-Occipital Sulcus
41
What is a fissure?
Something that is deeper than sulci to create large divisions
42
What areas indicate fiscal structures in the brain? (2)
Longitudinal
Transverse
43
What is the purpose of transversal fissures?
They separate the cerebrum from
the cerebellum
44
What is the purpose of longitudinal fissures?
They separate the left and right
hemispheres
45
What develops on days 2-10 for neurodevelopment?
Cleavage to blastocyst
46
What develops on days 11-15 for neurodevelopment?
Gastrulation, neural induction, and formation of three primary "germ" layers
47
What develops on days 16-25 for neurodevelopment?
Neuralation and formation of the neural tube
48
What develops on days 26 and up for neurodevelopment?
Organogenesis and brain "patterning"
49
When does Neural Induction occur?
gastrulation (days 11-15)
50
What occurs before Neural induction?
Blastulation
51
Describe Blastulation
begins source of ES cells
52
What is gastrulation?
When the mesoderm is formed as cells of the embryo move
53
What does the mesoderm do?
induce overlying neuroectoderm to become neural fate
54
What is the neural inducer and what does it do?
It's called noggin and inhibits BMP4
55
Describe the outcome for neural tube formation:
the neural tube becomes brain and spinal cord; then forms a neural crest which is an offshoot closure for the neural tube
56
What is neural tube formation called?
Neurulation
57
What does the neural crest form?
sensory and autonomic neurons, neuroendocrine cells, glia and melanocytes
58
What patterning does regionalization develop in regards to neurodevelopment?
Anterior-Posterior patterning (AP)
Dorsal-Ventral patterning (DV)
59
What does Anterior-Posterior patterning form?
the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord
60
What does Dorsal-Ventral patterning determine?
Ventral and Dorsal cell types (ex: tegmentum vs. tectum)
61
What does neurogenesis indicate?
Proliferation/Migration/Differentiation
62
What are the six major stages of neurodevelopment?
1. Neural induction
2. Neural tube formation
3. Regionalization/Patterning
4. Neurogenesis
5. Axonal pathfinding/Synaptogenesis
6. Target-dependent cell death/Synaptic pruning
63
What is the ectoderm in regards to neural induction?
Nervous system and skin cells
64
What is the endoderm in regards to neural induction?
Internal organ cells
65
What is the mesoderm in regards to neural induction?
Muscle and skeleton cells
66
What is another word for longitudinal fissures?
sagittal or interhemispheric fissures
67
Transverse fissures separate what in rats?
cerebellum from the tectum
68
Frontal lobes are bounded by what? (x2)
the lateral sulcus (ventro-caudally) and central sulcus (dorso-caudally)
69
What's another word for the lateral sulcus?
sylvian fissure
70
The parietal lobe is bounded by the _____ (x3)
central sulcus (rostrally), lateral sulcus (ventrally) and the parieto-occipital sulcus (caudally)
71
The occipital lobe is bounded by ____ (x2)
the parieto-occipital sulcus (rostrally) and transverse fissure (ventrally)
72
The temporal lobe is bounded by ___ (x2)
the lateral sulcus (rostrally and dorsally) and the parieto-occipital sulcus (caudally)
73
What is grey matter?
cell bodies of neurons
74
What area of the brain holds the most grey matter?
the cortex
75
What is another term for cerebral cortex?
cortex
76
What can "cortex" be used to describe? literally and generally
the cerebral cortex and in reference to the superficial gray matter of the brain region (like cerebellar cortex)
77
What is white matter?
Myelinated axons
78
Dorsal roots are _____
sensory
79
Ventral roots are _____
motor
80
In the CNS, Dorsal and Ventral roots of the spinal core are myelinated by ______ and protected by _____
Oligodendrocytes; Meninges
81
Once Dorsal and Ventral roots are in the PNS, ______ ______ take over both functions
Schwann Cells
82
the PNS has two nervous systems:
Somatic and Autonomic
83
The Somatic Nervous system controls ______ behaviors
voluntary
84
What is another name for Autonomic Nervous System?
The Visceral Nervous System
85
What does the Autonomic Nervous System control?
Involuntary behaviors
86
Where does the Somatic Nervous System oversee in the nervous system?
CNS: Cell body of motor neurons
PNS: axons
87
What portion of the nervous system does the Autonomic Nervous System control?
that which supplies the motor innervation to structures that are involuntary
88
What is the motor function of the Autonomic Nervous System?
mostly smooth muscle (blood vessels and skin), heart muscle and glands
89
The sympathetic and parasympathetic subdivisions of the autonomic divisions of the PNS emanate from _____ _____
distinct regions
90
Define ganglion
a collection of neuron cell bodies (somas) in the PNS
91
Define somas
neuron cell bodies
92
What is an example of ganglion?
dorsal root ganglion
93
What does dorsal root ganglia contain?
cell bodies of sensory neurons
94
Where do preganglionic neurons from the sympathetic nervous system emanate from?
spinal cord; thoracic and anterior lumbar regions
95
Where do preganglionic neurons from the parasympathetic nervous system emanate from?
cranial nerves at the anterior end and sacral regions in the posterior end
96
What neurotransmitter is most prominent in the Sympathetic nervous system?
Norepinephrine
97
What neurotransmitter is most prominent in the Parasympathetic nervous system?
ACh (acetylcholine)
98
What does the autonomic division of the PNS control?
blood pressure using heart rate and blood vessels, contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle, dilate/constrict pupils and stimulate/inhibit digestion
99
Where does the PNS autonomic division control?
your heart, smooth muscle, pupils and digestion system
100
What meninges are involved in the PNS?
Dorsal root ganglion and Dorsal ramus
101
What meninges are involved in the CNS?
Dorsal root and Ventral root
102
Motor neurons with cell bodies in the CNS mainly control ___ _____ _____
somatic motor functions
103
Once somatic motor functions (CNS) leave the region of the vertebrae, they _____
become a part of the PNS
104
Are autonomic preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the CNS or PNS?
mainly in the CNS
105
Somatic motor neurons innervate what?
cell bodies of postganglionic neurons (PNS)
106
Postganglionic neurons have:
autonomic motor or other functions (smooth/heart muscle, glands)
107
Do sympathetic and parasympathetic systems emanate from different parts of the CNS?
YES!
108
Where on the spine does the sympathetic nervous system (CNS) emanate from?
C8, T1-12, L1-3 (thoracic and lumbar regions)
109
Where on the spine does the parasympathetic nervous system (CNS) emanate from?
3, 5, 9, 10 and S1-5 (cranial nerves and sacral regions)
110
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system emanate from:
C8, T1-12, L1-3 (thoracic and lumbar regions)
111
Postganglionic neurons on the parasympathetic system emanate from:
cranial nerves at the anterior end and sacral regions in the posterior end
112
Preganglionic neurons are associated with the _____ nervous system
sympathetic
113
Postganglionic neurons are associated with the _____ nervous system
parasympathetic
114
How many cranial nerves are there?
12
115
Where are the 12 cranial nerves located?
In the head
116
What do cranial nerves do?
Communicate sensory and motor signals, reaching from head to toe
117
What inconspicuous place are some cranial nerves located?
the GI tract
118
What cranial nerve(s) is needed for taste? (name and number)
Geniculate ganglion; 7, 9, 10
119
What ganglion is required for auditory purposes?
Spiral
120
What is scarpa's ganglion used for?
vestibular system
121
Where does scarpa's ganglion feed into?
Cranial nerve 8
122
What type of neurons are spiral ganglion and scarpa's ganglion?
pseudo-unipolar
123
What does pseudo-unipolar mean?
One process occurs off the soma and then bifurcates
124
Where do the signals from pseudo-unipolar neurons go after they bifurcate?
a sensory signals from the periphery, the other enters the CNS
125
When does the forebrain expand regarding brain development?
After day 36
126
When does cell fate determination occur in regards to brain development?
Neurogenesis and migration
127
What is the ectoderm in regards to neural induction?
Nervous system and skin cells
128
What is the endoderm in regards to neural induction?
Internal organ cells
129
What is the mesoderm in regards to neural induction?
Muscle and skeleton cells
130
What are the three germ layers (neuralation)?
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
131
When are the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) formed?
During gastrulation
132
What is the neural tube composed of?
ectodermal tissue
133
What are somites composed of?
Mesodermal cells
134
When somites are formed, what does it generate?
bone and muscle in regards to spinal vertebrae
135
What gives the spinal cord its segmental structure?
Somites
136
How do somites for the spinal cord?
they are added sequentially during development
137
What does noggin do?
Produces neural inducers by the mesoderm
138
What is noggin, chordin and follistatin in regards to neural inducers?
proteins which are encoded by genes
139
What happens to the neuroectoderm if there are no neural inducers?
The neuroectoderm would become epidermis instead of neural tissue
140
How are neural inducers used today in research?
They help convert ES of iPS stem cells into neurons (observed in culture)
141
What are neural inducer molecules called?
morphogens
142
What produces noggin?
Mesoderm
143
What does noggin do?
it induces the overlying ectoderm for it to become neural
144
What induces dorsal-ventral patterning?
Shh
145
What is Shh?
Sonic Hedgehog (a ventralizer)
146
What induces anterior-posterior patterning?
RA
147
What is RA?
Retinoic Acid (a posteriorizer)
148
Why is RA needed?
In order for the neural induction to become the forebrain, RA has to help develop the posterior fates
149
What is an example of RA benefits?
Spinal cord motor neurons
150
What is ES?
embryonic stem cells
151
What is iPS?
induced pluripotential stem cells
152
Why are morphogens needed in vitro?
They drive ES cells or iPS cells towards their neuronal developmental pathways
153
What are developmental terms for the forebrain? (2)
Telencephalon and the Diencephalon
154
What does the telencephalon (forebrain) construct?
Cerebral hemispheres, olfactory cortex, the hippocampus, basal ganglia/corpus striatum, and lateral/3rd ventricles
155
What cranial nerve is the telencephalon (forebrain) responsible for?
Olfactory 1
156
What does the diencephalon (forebrain) construct?
Optic cup/nerves, thalamus, hypothalamus, mammillary bodies, and part of the 3rd ventricle
157
What cranial nerve is the diencephalon (forebrain) responsible for? (1)
Optic 2
158
What developmental term is associated with the midbrain? (1)
Mesencephalon
159
What does the mesencephalon (midbrain) construct?
Tectum (superior, inferior colliculi), cerebral aqueduct, red nucleus, substantia nigra, crus cerebelli
160
What cranial nerves do the mesencephalon (midbrain) interact with? (2)
Oculomotor (3) and Trochlear (4)
161
What developmental terms are associated with the hindbrain? (2)
Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
162
What does the Metencephalon (hindbrain) construct?
the Pons and Cerebellum (2)
163
What does the Myelencephalon (hindbrain) construct?
the Medulla oblongata
164
What cranial nerves are the Metencephalon and Myelencephalon associated with? (6)
Trigenimal (5)
Abducens (6)
Facial (7)
Acoustic (8)
Glossopharyngeal (9)
Vagus (10)
Hypoglossal (11)
165
Where in the cortex are the cerebral hemispheres located?
Neocortex
166
Where in the cortex is the olfactory cortex located?
the paleocortex
167
Where in the cortex is the hippocampus located?
the archicortex
168
Basal telen becomes:
basal ganglia and amygdala
169
Dorsal telencephalon becomes:
Neocortex
170
What composes the colliculi brain structure?
Auditory and Visual tecta
171
What does the basal ganglia consist of?
Striatum
172
The Diencephalon becomes what?
thalamus and hypothalamus
173
What composes the diencephalon?
The swelling of cerebral hemisphers
174
What is the optic cup?
A structure from the diencephalon
175
What does the optic cup develop?
The optic vessicle
176
What can the optic cup create?
the retina
177
What is the only sensory organ a part of the CNS?
Retina
178
What early development structure is widely developed by humans?
Neocortex
179
When does the cerebral cortex finish developing?
Day 40-50
180
What is another name for the cerebral cortex?
Telencephalon
181
What is another name for the telencephalon
Cerebral Cortex
182
What is the purpose of the forebrain?
perception, conscious awareness, cognition, voluntary action
183
How are axons projected from the thalamus?
The internal capsule
184
When axons don't take the route of the internal capsule, how are they projected?
They go to the spinal cord (corticospinal tract)
185
Where does the corticospinal tract occur?
Spinal cord
186
Why do some axons project to the spinal cord?
For direct control of movement
187
If a thumbtack sticks you in the right foot, where does. that signal go?
Left cortex in the left thalamus via left internal capsule
188
How do the two cortex's communicate with each other?
White matter tract
189
What is another name for the White Matter tract?
Corpus Callosum
190
What is another name for then Corpus Callosum?
White matter tract
191
Cortical neurons send axons back to ____ through what?
the brainstem; internal capsule
192
Where can cortical neurons project?
brainstem via internal capsule, corticospinal tract, and basal ganglia
193
Why do cortical neurons project to the basal ganglia?
to control movement
194
What structures do the basal ganglia include?
the striatum in the basal telencephalon and substania niagra in the midbrain
195
Most of the amygdala is in the...
basal telencephalon
196
What does the amygdala do?
controls fear and emotion
197
Thalamus and hypothalamus are part of the:
diencephalon
198
What is another name for the diencephalon?
Ventromedial forebrain
199
The thalamus is the gateway to the _____
cerebral cortex
200
The thalamus is the _______ to the cerebral cortex
gateway
201
Why is it important that the thalamus is the gateway to the cerebral cortex?
Sensory fibers transmit through the white matter tract
202
What is the internal capsule:
the white matter tract, thalamus and cerebral cortex
203
The dorsal part of the midbrain becomes:
the tectum
204
What is the tectum?
Superior colliculus (visual) and Inferior colliculus (auditory)
205
The ventral part of the midbrain becomes what?
Tegmentum
206
What is the tegmentum?
VTA and Snr
207
What is the purpose of the cerebral aqueduct?
It connects third ventricle of the diencephalon with the fourth ventricle in the hindbrain
208
The dorsal part of the rostral hindbrain becomes what?
the cerebellum
209
The ventral part of the rostral hindbrain becomes what?
the pons
210
What is the purpose of the pons?
It connects the cerebral cortex with the cerebellum
211
How does the pons connect the cortex and cerebellum?
with mossy fibers that synapse on cerebellar granule cells
212
Where is the fourth ventricle?
Between the cerebellum and the pons (dorsal and ventral of the rostral hindbrain)
213
What is the purpose of medullary pyramids?
they carry corticospinal projections (cortical pyramidal neuron axons) to the spinal cord
214
Where is the fourth ventricle in relation to the medulla?
It is in front of the medulla, opposite of the medullary pyramids
215
What are the sequence of events with neurogenesis?
proliferation, migration, differentiation
216
What does the brain look like before neurogenesis?
only two layers to brain vesicles (ventricular zone (VZ) and marginal zone (MZ)).
217
What are the precursors to neurons in neurogenesis?
radial glia
218
What is the purpose of neuronal precursors, radial glia?
they extend from the ventricular space to the pia to make more glia
219
Describe how nuclei migrate during mitosis:
After DNA replication, the cell detaches it's processes and divides symmetrically to generate more precursor radial glia
220
Asymmetric cell division generates one ________ cell and one _______ cell to continue dividing glia
postmitotic; precursor
221
After asymmetric cell division, the postmitotic cell:
migrates and becomes a neuron or glia
222
Later in the neurogenesis development, cells start to divide __________:
asymmetrically
223
Describe asymmetric neurogenesis division:
a daughter cell migrates asymmetrically furthest away from ventricle toward radial glia to occupy layer in cortex
224
After a daughter cell divides asymmetrically, does it divide ever again?
No. It becomes a neuron or glia cell.
225
When are most neocortical neuron cells finalized during neurogenesis?
Anywhere between the 5th week of division and 5th month of gestation
226
When do post-mitotic asymmetrically divide?
After they have reached their destination
227
What do post-mitotic cells develop after reaching their destination?
Pyramidal cells first, astrocytes later
227
How do inhibitory neurons or oligodendrocytes migrate?
Inside-out from elsewhere in the cortical layers
228
What drives cell fate?
Differential gene expression (during development)
229
In regards to cell fate, each daughter cell has:
the same set of genes
230
How does gene expression work in regards to daughter cells during cell fate?
One set of genes is turned on, the other is not
231
How is gene expression determined in daughter cells during development?
They are differentially passed depending on the cleaved plane
232
Define vertical cleavage:
Daughter cell has SYMMETRIC NOTCH 1 and NUMB expression. Daughter cells remain in VZ to DIVIDE AGAIN
233
Define horizontal cleavage:
Daughter cell has DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION. Notch 1 will migrate to MZ. Numb cells remain and proliferate
234
What does Notch control in neuronal development?
The balance between precursor proliferation and differentiation between neurons or glia.
235
How does Numb affect Notch?
They can antagonize Notch
236
Do specific precursor cells determine specific neuronal cells?
No. They are all the same. Gene expression determines cell fate.
237
What factors affect the fate of a precursor cell?
Age (amount of divisions it's undergone), position in the VZ, and environment at the time of the last cell division it underwent
238
What matters for precursor cell fate?
WHERE YOU ARE BORN
239
What is the VZ of the dorsal telencephalon a source of?
pyramidal neurons and astrocytes
240
What is the VZ of the ventral telencephalon a source of?
inhibitory interneurons and oligodendrocytes
241
From the ventral to dorsal telencephalon, what cells develop first to last?
Ventral: -> future basal ganglia developed by origin of oligodendrocytes and inhibitory (GABA) neurons
Then future neocortex develops with origin of pyramidal cells and cortical astrocytes, reaching the end of the proliferative zone -> Dorsal
242
The first cells that migrate ____ become the _____
Up ; subplate
243
What occurs in cortical development after the subplate forms?
the next cells form the cortical plate (layer IV)
244
How are layers of the cortical plate formed?
Inside out
245
What does the inside out formation for the cortical plate look like?
cells that migrate pass the previously formed layer to form the next layer
246
How do deeper formed layers for cortical development differentiation the next layer?
each deeper layer differentiate into pyramidal cells before newer layers are formed (layer IV being oldest, layer II being newest)
247
What does the intermediate zone (IZ) become?
White matter neurons
248
What happens when the intermediate zone (IZ) is formed?
the ventricular zone (VZ), subplate and marginal zone (MZ) disappear
249
Describe the differential stage in cortical development:
once a POSTmitotic migrating precursor reaches the final destination, it differentiates into a functional neuron (inc. dendrites and an axon)
250
What are pyramidal neurons?
large excitatory projection neurons with some axons that project to the spinal cord
251
What guidance molecule attracts a dendrite to the pia?
Semaphorin 3A
252
In regards to pia, what is another name for dendrite-pia attraction?
cortical surface
253
Where is Semaphorin 3A highly expressed?
MZ (marginal zone)
254
Where is Semaphorin 3A lowly expressed?
deep layers
255
What is an axon repulsed by in regards to differentiation?
Sema3A
256
Between a dendrite and axon, which one is attracted to sema3A?
(apical) dendrite
257
Between a dendrite and axon, which one is repulsed by sema3A?
(efferent) axon
258
What are the terms for axon growth and guidance to target?
Chemoattraction and chemorepulsion
259
What is Sema3A responsible for?
polarity to the pyramidal cell
260
Define synaptogenesis:
formation of synapses
261
What is target-dependent cell death?
over production of neurons
262
How can target-dependent cell death occur?
a trophic factor (competitive) is given by target for input neuron
263
What other way can cell death occur?
mutations in genes (Bcl or BAD) can cause more cell death than normal
264
What is synaptic pruning?
microglial role
265
What is synaptic plasticity?
involves molecular mechanisms for learning and memory
266
What is synaptic plasticity related to?
synaptogenesis
267
What does target-dependent cell growth develop?
develops nerve growth factor (NGF) or brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
268
What is target-dependent cell growth related to?
retrograde trafficking in axons
269
What structures are involved in complex human thinking?
PFC (prefrontal cortex) and PMC (primary motor cortex)
270
What does the PFC (prefrontal cortex) control?
planning, organization, impulse control, learning, decision making
"CLOMP ID BELONGS TO THE PFC"
271
What primary structures are involved in the frontal lobe?
PFC (prefrontal cortex), PMC (primary motor cortex), PMSC (primary motor and somatosensory cortex), SMA (supplementary motor area), PmC (premotor cortex), and frontal eye fields
6 in all
271
What does the PMC (primary motor cortex) control?
voluntary movement
"I WILL MOVE ASIDE FOR THE PMC SAYS I"
272
Out of the six structures in the frontal lobe, which one has a somatotopic map?
the PMSC (primary motor and somatosensory cortex)
272
Where is the PMSC (primary motor and somatosensory cortex) located?
Primary: Caudal part of the frontal lobe
Somato: Rostral part of parietal lobe
273
What does the SMA (supplementary motor area) control?
contributes to motor control and to pre-motor movements
"SMA AKA SOMATO MOVEMENT ASSISTANT"
274
What is the PmC (premotor cortex) involved in?
action planning and selection
"PmC USED TO WORK AT PARTY CITY"
275
What are frontal eye fields involved in controlling?
guiding eye movement towards meaningful objects and in preparation for action
"FRONTAL EYE FIELDS WORKS FOR THE FRONT LINES"
276
What structures are involved in frontal/temporal lobe and speech?
Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area
277
What frontal/temporal area controls motor functions involved in language?
Broca's Area
278
Where is Broca's Area located (tricky question but think about movement):
frontal lobe
279
Where is Wernicke's area located? (tricky question but remember comprehension)
temporal lobe (superior portion)
280
What frontal/temporal area controls language comprehension?
Wernicke's Area
281
What functions do the temporal lobe control?
language, hearing and memory
282
What structures are maintained in the temporal lobe?
Auditory cortex, language areas, visual stream
283
What functions do the language areas in the temporal lobe oversee?
comprehension, speaking, writing and reading
284
What system is involved in the temporal lobe/ language area?
Wernicke's area
285
Describe the "ventral stream" from the temporal lobe:
the "what" pathway
286
What does the "what" pathway in the temporal lobe oversee?
object identification and recognition
287
How does the "what" pathway in the temporal lobe identify objects?
by receiving input from the visual cortex (occipital lobe)
288
