Final Study Guide Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
In regard to the history of Neuroscience: what are the 5 main historical stages in thinking about the brain? What’s the era?
A
- Heart or brain is the seat of conscious thought (Ancient Egyptians and Greeks)
- Ventricular fluid-mechanical model of brain function (Ancient Romans up to Renaissance/Enlightenment)
- Nerves are wires (Victorian Era up to modern day)
- Localization (1800’s to modern day)
- Mechanisms - Cellular, Molecular, Behavioral Neuroscience (20th century to modern day)
2
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What did Egyptians believe about conscious thought?
A
the heart was the seat of consciousness
3
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What did Greeks believe about conscious thought?
A
the heart OR brain was the seat of consciousness
4
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What did Hippocrates, a Greek, believe about conscious thought?
A
four elements (earth, air, fire, water) were linked with four bodily fluids (humors). Any issue was due to an imbalance
5
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What is corpus hippocratum?
A
Came from Hippocrates.
He believed the brain was the center of sensation and intelligence. Corpus describes paralysis and seizures.
6
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What does “On Injuries of the Head” describe?
A
Written by Hippocrates.
He correctly associates wounds on one side of the head with convulsions on the opposite side of the body.
7
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What did Aristotle, a Greek, believe about brain function?
A
The heart was the center of intelligence and brain was to cool blood
8
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What did Herophilus, a Greek, believe about brain function? (3 things)
A
- by observing sensory and motor nerves and noticed specific parts of the body are connected to specific nerves.
- described brain ventricles in detail.
- said the brain is the seat of intellect and not the heart
9
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What did Galen, a Roman, believe about brain function? (2 sensations)
A
- sensations and memories formed in the cerebrum (feels soft) and muscles are controlled by the cerebrum (feels hard)
- created the ventricular fluid-mechanical model of the nervous system based on flow of vital and animal “spirits” (aka psychic pneuma) through the ventricles
- the brain received sensory information and nerves from the brain and spinal cord control function
10
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
Who identified 7 of 12 cranial nerves?
A
Galen
11
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
How long did Galen’s ventricular fluid-mechanical model hold for?
A
It went from the roughly 200 CE to the Renaissance (16th century) and ended during the Enlightenment (18th century).
This idea existed for ~1300 yrs
12
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What idea of brain function did the Romans accept (hint: correlated with Galen’s model)
A
the brain was the seat of consciousness
13
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
Galen believed in the central role of ______ with a poorly defined mechanism that involved flow of _____ _____.
A
ventricles ; animal spirits
14
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What did Descartes, a man in the Renaissance. believe about brain function?
A
- by devising a hydraulic model, he reasoned that nerves were hollow tubes which carried the “animal spirits”.
- pineal gland inflated muscles to produce animal movement
- the mind (non-physical) is separate from the brain (physical) and the pineal gland is the link
15
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What was “mind-brain dualism” in the Renaissance era?? (hint: proposed by Descartes)
A
the mind (non-physical) is separate from the brain (physical) and the pineal gland is the link
16
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What was the empirical “scientific method” in the Renaissance era?? (hint: proposed by Descartes)
A
the gathering of information by detailed observation
17
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
Descartes model showed ____ _____ from the eyes projecting to the ______
A
hollow nerves ; ventricles
18
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What notion did Descartes propose?
A
hydraulics were the mechanism the ventricles used to drive the muscles
19
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What was the “Sapere Aude” chant in the Enlightenment era?
A
means Dare to Know
20
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What two things were know by the 1800s? (Enlightenment era)
A
peripheral and central divisions of the nervous system
21
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What was discovered about the physical structure of the brain by the 1800s? (Enlightenment era)
A
every brain has the same general pattern of bumps and grooves
22
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What was discovered concerning white matter by the 1800s? (Enlightenment era)
A
White matter was thought to carry nerve fibers which communicated with gray matter
23
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What did Galvani, a man who lived in the 19th century, discover about brain function?
A
electrical stimulation of the muscles produced contractions
24
Q
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What did Emil du Bois-Raymond, a man who lived in the 19th century, discover about brain function?
A
nerve action potential BUT did not know the mechanism
25
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What did Hermann von Helmholtz, a man who lived in the 19th century, discover about brain function?
speed of conductance of a nerve impulse (much slower than electrical conduction in a wire)
26
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What was the proposal about brain function in the 19th century?
animal spirits no longer controlled movement but nerves operated based on electrical properties
27
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
Who proposed that spinal cord nerves have separate inputs and outputs in the 19th century?
Bell and Magendie
28
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What did Charles Bell and Francois Magendie, men who lived in the 19th century, collectively discover about brain function?
When spinal nerves entered the spinal cord, they diverged into two separate roots
29
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What did Charles Bell, a man who lived in the 19th century, discover about brain function?
cutting only the ventral roots caused muscle paralysis
30
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What did Francois Magendie, a man who lived in the 19th century, discover about brain function?
cutting the dorsal root prevented sensory signals from entering the spinal cord
31
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What was discovered concerning sensation and motor function in the 19th century?
sensation (dorsal root) and motor function (ventral root) are separate (unidirectional)
32
Are the dorsal root and ventral root bidirectional or unidirectional?
Unidirectional
33
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What was the hallmark of the 19th and 20th century?
evidence that parts of the brain are related to behaviors
34
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What is ablation?
using tools to inactivate areas in the brain or cell types important for a specific behavior
35
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What is augmentation?
using tools to over-activate areas in the brain important for a specific behavior
36
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
Want did Jean Pierre Flourens, a man who lived in the 19th century, discover with brain function? (1 thing, 3 concepts)
Ablating certain regions inactivates brain behavior
By using birds, he discovered:
1. cerebellum was related to movement 2. cerebrum to sensation and perception 3. brainstem for breathing
37
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What did Paul Broca, a man who lived in the 19th century, discover about brain function?
Localization with Patient Tan for the Broca's area.
When Broca's area affected, messes with language/communication
38
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What does current research indicate about the concept of localization?
most complex behaviors are distributed as they are localized
39
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What did Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig, men who lived in the 19th century, discover about brain function?
discovered motor maps in dogs
By using electrical stimulation, they found contracting certain muscles were linked to opposite sides of the body
40
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What did Penfield and Rasmussen, men who lived in the 19th century, discover about brain function?
motor and sensory maps in humans
the motor cortex of awake humans reveals motor suppression maps (homunculus)
41
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
How are the concepts of nerves being wires and localization of brain function used today?
they remain core ideas
42
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What new ideas about neuroscience emerged in the 20th century? Who proposed them? (4 people)
genetics and electrophysiology
Hodgkin, Huxley, Eccles, Kandel
43
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What did Hodgkin and Huxley discover?
used squid axon to study action potential, found synaptic transmission is chemical
44
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
How would neuronal action potential be chemical?
Inward flow of Na+, outward flow of K+
45
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What did Eric Kandel discover about brain function?
signal transduction with cAMP
By using Aplysia, he discovered cAMP controls a simple behavioral circuit
46
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
How was does neuroscience overlap with genetics in the late 1800's? (3 events)
Walther Flemming used aniline dye (histochemical) to observe chromatin.
This led to a revolution in neuronal concepts, leading to the neuron doctrine by Cajal and Golgi.
Sydney Brenner used C. elegans for molecular cloning, identification of ion channels, and DNA/amino acid sequences to revolutionize molecular genetics
chromosome theory -> neuron doctrine -> molecular genetics
47
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
Why are Alypsia's good animal models for neuro?
they're not ideal for classical genetics but have simple systems, are transparent, and easy to ablate neurons
48
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
Why are monkeys good animal models for neuro?
they have great vision and similar brain circuits similar to humans
(not good for classical genetics)
49
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
Why are mice good animal models for neuro?
They're great for genetics, have a strong somatosensory and olfaction system
(but have poor vision)
50
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What are the 3 R's?
1. Replacement
2. Reduction
3. Refinement
51
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What is replacement in the 3 R's?
methods used to avoid or replace the animals where not needed
52
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What is reduction in the 3 R's?
methods that minimize the number of animals per test, or to obtain similar information from other researchers, or obtaining information by the same animals
53
In regard to the History of Neuroscience:
What is refinement in the 3 R's?
methods to minimize pain or suffering
54
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
what are the different cells of the brain? (4 main types)
neurons, glia, epithelial cells and pericytes
55
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are neurons?
main chemical-electrical circuit components which drive brain function
56
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is glia?
"support" cells to neurons that maintain the CNS and provides immune function
57
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are the 4 working components of glia cells?
1. Astrocytes
2. Oligodendrocytes
3. Microglia
4. Ependymal cells
58
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are endothelial cells?
our tight junction blood brain vessels meant for artery walls, veins and capillaries
59
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are pericytes?
They regulate capillary function, contributing to blood brain barriers by interactions with tight junction endothelial cells
60
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
what is the diameter of a purkinje cell soma in microns?
50-80 microns
61
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
what is the diameter of a granule cell soma in microns?
5-10 microns
62
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
what are microns?
neuronal dimension
63
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are the four types of neuroglia found in the CNS?
1. ependymal
2. oligodendrocytes
3. astrocytes
4. microglia
64
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are the two types of neuroglia found in the PNS?
1. satellite cells
2. schwann cells
65
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
How many types of neuroglia are there, found in both CNS and PNS? What are they?
Six
1. ependymal
2. oligodendrocytes
3. astrocytes
4. microglia
5. satellite cells
6. schwann cells
66
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
Are there more neurons or glia in the brain?
Neither. They are nearly equal
67
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
how many neurons does the human brain have?
roughly 85 billion
68
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
Are there more neurons or glia in the cerebral cortex?
Glia (est. 60bil)
69
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
Are there more neurons or glia in the cerebellum?
Neurons (70bil)
70
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
Between the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, which has more neurons?
Cerebellum (60bil more+)
71
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
Between the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, which has more glia?
Cerebral Cortex (est. 55bil more+)
72
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What type of cells are the most numerous neurons in the whole brain?
Cerebellar granule cells
73
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
Who created brain staining to study neurons?
Golgi and Nissl
74
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What area of the neuron do Nissl Stains target? Does it show any processes?
Soma/cell body ; no
75
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What area of the neuron do Golgi Stains target? Does it show the entire process?
the entire neuron, dendrites, soma and axon ; Yes
76
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What was the "cell theory" that Schwann proposed?
all tissues are made of cells (except the nervous system)
77
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What did Golgi believe?
all neurons are connected like vessels in the circulatory system
78
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What did Cajal believe?
all neurons are unfused and distinct cells
79
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is the Neuron Doctrine?
the nervous system is made up of discrete individual cells (not tubes like blood vessels)
80
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is the function of the mitochondria?
it generates all power for brain cells
81
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
How much of our caloric intake does our brain use for energy?
20%
82
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are the 6 major functions of the mitcohondria?
1. ATP production
2. has glutamate (AMPA) receptor trafficking and synaptic plasticity
3. Neurotransmitter release
4. Neuron/dendrite release
5. Apoptosis/programmed cell death
6. Ca++ homeostasis
83
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
Where is mitochondria found?
everywhere in the neuron (soma, axon, dendrite)
84
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
Why is the nucleus so important?
it encodes information in the brain
85
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
All cells have the same (DNA/RNA), but each cell type uses different portions of the (DNA?DNA)
DNA ; DNA
86
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is the central dogma for the nucleus?
DNA makes RMA which makes proteins
87
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is DNA and RNA made of? What are proteins made of?
nucleotides ; amino acids
88
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is transcription?
DNA is transcribed to make messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus
89
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is translation?
mRNA is translated to make protein in the cytoplasm - ribosome carries this out
90
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is RNA polymerase? What is it's function? What helps it carry out it's functions?
it forms a large complex that binds to a specific gene sequence (given the help of transcription factors).
in the transcription process, one strand of two is used as a template. It then moves down gene synthesizing mRNA. At the end of the strand, termination occurs
91
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is nuclear pre-mRNA?
the primary transcript (larger than mature mRNA)
92
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are introns?
spacers in between exons and do not have any protein coding sequence
93
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are extrons?
where protein coding sequencing occurs
94
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What happens to pre-mRNA after slicing?
after RNA processing, large pre-mRNA is spliced to make mRNA. Then, it exits the nucleus in tiny pores
95
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
How does translation occur?
in the cytoplasm by free ribosomes or ribosomes on the rough ER
96
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is mRNA size based on?
combined size of all exons (in bases; or kilobases = 1000 bases)
97
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is nuclear pre-RNA size based off of?
combined size of all exons and introns (much larger than mature mRNA)
98
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is chromatin?
unique proteins encoded by genes for unique purposes. Can shut down genes by wrapping around histones.
99
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
How is chromatin structured?
tightly wound genes wrapped around DNA histones
100
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are epigenetic marks?
modifications of DNA and histones that change chromatin activation states
101
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
DNA methylation shuts genes ____ by:
OFF by tightly wound DNA
102
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
Histone acetylation turns genes ____ by
ON by unwinding DNA
103
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is heterochromatin?
electron dense regions in the nucleus with inactive chromatin
104
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is euchromatin?
regions in the nucleus with active chromatin
105
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are writers and erasers?
mutations in proteins that make or take away marks
106
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are readers?
mutations in proteins that recognize those marks
107
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are ribosomes?
the machine that attaches to the mRNA and makes a protein
108
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
How are ribosomes involved in translation?
the mRNA is "translated" in the cytoplasm by the ribosome into protein using genetic code
109
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is genetic code?
each codon (3 nucleotides) represents a different amino acid
110
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What does mRNA use to determine amino acid sequence in proteins?
start and stop codons and tRNA anti-codons ('complementary' to the codon)
111
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is the rough ER for?
membrane and/or secreted proteins
112
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are free ribosomes for?
soluble proteins needed in the cytoplasm
113
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
RER is the ____ substance that is revealed by ___ ____:
Nissl ; Nissl stain
114
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is the Golgi Apparatus for?
post-translational processing, adding sugars and lipids to proteins
115
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What happens to modified proteins after they leave the Golgi Aparatus?
they leave by vesicles and are trafficked to the cell surface or wherever needed
116
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is the RER and Golgi Apparatus located in the neuron?
the soma and dendrite but NOT the axon (somatodendritic domain)
117
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is the axon?
single extension from the cell body that transmits action potential and provide input to other neurons
118
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is the axon hillock? (2 descriptions)
1. portion of the axon adjacent to the cell body that generates the action potential
2. filters trafficked molecules (via cytoskeleton) from soma into axon
119
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are axon collaterals?
axon branches that bifurcate from the main axon
120
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are the two types of presynaptic terminals?
1. boutons en passant
2. axon terminals
121
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are boutons en passant? Is this a pre/postsynaptic element?
swellings that release a neurotransmitter along an axon's length (a presynaptic elements)
122
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are axon terminals? Is this a pre/postsynaptic element?
small enlargements at the end of an axon which store and release neurotransmitters (a presynaptic element)
123
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are the different kinds of axons in the cerebellum? (2 types)
1. granule cell parallel fibers
2. climbing fibers
124
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are granule cell parallel fibers?
a cell which makes a few en passant contacts with each Purkinje cell
125
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are climbing fibers? (2 descriptions)
1. uses huge number of en passant contacts for Purkinje cells
2. sends collateral info with axon terminal contact in deep cerebellar nuclei
126
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What influence does a parallel fiber have on a Purkinje cell?
very little
127
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What influence does a climbing fiber have on a Purkinje cell?
once a fiber sends an action potential, it ALWAYS influences the purkinje cell's action potential
128
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
Are there rough ER's or Golgi Apparatus' in axons? What is a result of this?
No. Therefore, molecules must be trafficked down the axon from the soma.
129
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
There is weak evidence for what in axons compared to dendrites?
protein synthesis
130
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What distinguishable organelles are in dendrites compared to axons? (list 4)
1.RER
2. Golgi apparatus
3. lots of ribosomes
4. lots of mRNAs
131
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
How are distinct dendritic domains distinguished?
using mRNA localization patterns
132
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are proximal dendrites?
dendrites close to the soma
133
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are distal dendrites?
dendrites far from the soma
134
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
Dendritic spines are very: ?
plastic
135
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
How are dendritic spines plastic? (2 ways)
1. can be visualized by actin motility
2. visualized by effects in neurological disorders
136
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is Wallerian degeneration?
degeneration resulting from cut nerve fiber causing death to distal axon
137
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is retrograde Wallerian degeneration?
"wallerian-like" loss of axon and neuron proximal (soma-side) to the injury
138
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is the cytoskeleton?
It controls shape of neurons and the trafficking/movement of organelles and molecules into dendrites and axons
139
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are three major components of the cytoskeleton?
1. microtubules
2. microfilaments
3. neurofilaments
140
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are microtubules?
tracks for mitochondrial bidirectional movement, going up and down axons and dendrites
141
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are microfilaments?
they control cell shape, spine and presynaptic terminal shape/plasticity by forming tracks for short-range movement into pre- and postsynaptic elements
142
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are neurofilaments?
they control axonal caliber (diameter)
143
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What cytoskeleton components serve as tracks? (2)
1. microtubules
2. microfilaments
144
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are microtubules, microfilaments and neurofilaments made up of?
polymers from protein monomers
145
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are microtubule monomers?
tubulin (ex: tau)
146
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are microfilament monomers?
actin
147
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are neurofilament monomers?
neurofilaments
148
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
Describe microtubules:
two proteins, a and b tubulin, polymerize to serve as tracks in long-range axon and dendrite transport
149
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are MAPS? What is an example?
microtubule-associated-proteins ; Tau
150
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
Describe microfilaments:
polymers of two skinny helical strands of F-actin; not static and can change length as the neuron changes
151
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
Where are microfilaments most prominent?
neurites (close to the surface of the neuron, dendrite, soma and axon)
152
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What do microfilaments facilitate?
spine growth, plasticity and movements
153
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
Why do microfilaments form rings?
to connect with neurofilaments, maintaining axonal shape and caliber
154
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
Which cytoskeleton component is meant for short-term movement? Microtubules or Microfilaments?:
Microfilaments
155
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
How are Neurofilaments trafficked?
using slow axonal transport, they go up and down the axon on Microtubules (which can move bidirectionally)
156
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is the main function of neurofilaments? What is necessary for this?
axon caliber (diameter) affects speed of electrical signal propagation
SIDE ARMS ARE IMPORTANT
157
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
Describe Motors (5 unique traits)
1. rely on ATP
2. use MTs as tracks
3. kinesin for anterograde (long-term trafficking)
4. dynein for retrograde (long-term trafficking)
5. myosin for short range (MFs for tracks, motor switching)
158
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
Describe slow axonal transport. provide an example:
the cargo: cytoplasmic proteins and protein complexes important for synapse/axon function
Ex: NFs move by slow axonal transport
159
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
Describe fast axonal transport. provide an example:
organelles and vesicles
ex: mitochondria, lysosomes
160
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What can an effect in Kinesins, KIFs, other motor and cytoskeleton components lead to?
many neurological disorders
161
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is the tripartite synapse?
1. presynaptic axon terminal
2. postsynaptic dendrite or spine
3. astrocytic process brings to completion
162
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What four things are part of the "glue and scaffolding" of synaptic performance?
1. neuroglins
2. neuroexins
3. PSD-95
4. Shank
163
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
If genes encode the four parts of "glue and scaffolding" meant for synaptic performance and function, what could this imply?
heavy implications in autism susceptibility
164
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are the four levels of classification in neurons?
1. number of extensions from soma
2. shape of dendritic tree
3. connectivity
4. chemistry
165
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
How many numbers of extensions are there in the somatic level of neuronal classification?
There can be unipolar extensions, pseudo-unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar extensions.
166
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is the unipolar extension in the somatic level of neuronal classification? Where can these neurons be found?
there is only one nerve process which extends from the body (invertebrates only)
167
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is the pseudo-unipolar extension in the somatic level of neuronal classification? What is an example of this?
one branch becomes dendritic, the other like an axon ; somas lie in spinal and cranial nerves (ex: mammalian sensory neurons)
168
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is the bipolar extension in the somatic level of neuronal classification? What is an example?
two structures extend from the cell body (ex: retina and olfactory neurons)
169
In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What is the multipolar extension in the somatic level of neuronal classification? Is this common in the brain?
many dendrites with one axon (most neurons)
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In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are the two descriptive factors in dendritic tree neuronal classification? What do these types look like?
1. pyramidal cells (all spiny)
2. stellate cells (some spiny, some aspinous)
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In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are the three groups in connectivity neuronal classification?
1. Sensory
2. Interneurons
3. Motor neurons
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In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
How do sensory neurons gather information?
1. peripheral organs (muscle, skin)
2. sensory receptors (taste buds or hair cells in the ear)
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In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are interneurons? Are they found in the PNS or CNS?
small neurons which connect other neurons to each other (CNS)
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In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
How do motor neurons receive information?
receive from the brain and carry those signals to muscles
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In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are the two groups of chemical classification of neurons? Describe each.
1. NT and enzymes which make them (glutamatergic, gabaergic, serotonergic)
2. Gene expression (encodes enzymes to make NT)
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In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are astrocytes? What 3 main things do they do?
A type of glia.
1. recycle GABA, glutamate and other NT
2. modulate neurons and their synapses
3. contribute to regulating blood flow by wrapping feet around vessels
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In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are microglia? What 2 main things do they do?
Native resident immune cells of the CNS.
1. phagocytize
2. prune synapses
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In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are oligodendrocytes? What is the main thing that they do?
A type of glia. Myelinate several CNS axons
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In regard to Cells of the Nervous System:
What are schwann cells? What is the main thing that they do? What are they involved in?
Insulators.
Myelinate several PNS axons (one internode region = 1 schwann)
Peripheral axon regeneration
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