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Nutrition > Exam 3 - study guide > Flashcards

Exam 3 - study guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Define bioenergetics. Why is it important to animal nutrition?

A

energy metabolism, it is important because it provides animals the energy vital to all function

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2
Q

What is a calorie?

A

measure of the chemical energy (potential energy) of food

amount of heat required to increase the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius

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3
Q

How are the total calories of a feed determined?

A

bomb calorimeter

One calorie = 4.183 Joules

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4
Q

Explain energy balance. What is positive energy balance vs negative energy balance?

A

Energy maintenance - energy required to maintain constant body weight

Goal: metabolize energy intake = energy expenditure

Positive energy balance = weight gain

Negative energy balance = weight loss

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5
Q

Draw the energy diagram from gross energy to net energy

A

Gross energy (total amount of energy consumed) - fecal energy = digestible energy

digestible energy - urinary energy - gaseous energy = metabolizable energy

metabolizable energy - heat increment = net energy

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6
Q

What is digestible energy?

A

amount of energy that is digested and potentially available for utilization

Digestible energy = gross energy (GE) - fecal energy (FE)

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7
Q

What is metabolizable energy (ME)?

A

energy used for metabolism

Metabolizable energy = digestible energy (DE) - urinary energy (UE) - gaseous energy

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8
Q

What is heat increment (HI)?

A

Heat increment = heat loss of eating animal - heat loss of fasting animal

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9
Q

How do you define net energy (NE)?

A

represents the fraction of the total energy consumed that is utilized for production purposes

NE = metabolizable energy (ME) - heat increment (HI)

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10
Q

Obesity

A

Associated with excess energy intake

Commonly seen in companion animals and horses

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11
Q

Fatty liver disease

A

energy demands exceed intake

Fat stores are mobilized

Excessive NEFA accumulation in liver

Most often seen in high producing dairy cows

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12
Q

Ketosis

A

body mobilizes large amounts of fat for energy

Due to a lack of available glucose

Results in buildup of ketone bodies in the blood

Most often seen in high producing dairy cows

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13
Q

Pregnancy toxemia (aka pregnancy disease, lambing sickness, and twin-lamb/kid disease)

A

caused by low blood sugar (glucose)

Onset often triggered by stress - nutritional, inclement weather

Most prevalent in ewes/does carrying multiples and over- or under-weight ewes/does

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14
Q

Equine metabolic syndrome

A

disorder associated with insulin dysregulation

Characterized by regional fat deposition and reduced ability to lose weight

Commonly seen in ponies, donkeys, Arabians, and mustangs

Increases the risk for laminitis

Treated through diet and exercise management

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15
Q

What are vitamins? How would you describe them?

A

“Vital amines”

Organic molecules; DO NOT provide energy

Needed in minute amounts

Classified based on solubility in water

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16
Q

List the general functions of vitamins.

A

Metabolism
growth and development
immune function
nerve function
blood clotting
bone health
vision
skin health
antioxidants

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17
Q

Identify the two classes of vitamins and which vitamins are in each class.

A

Fat soluble - A, D, E, K

Water Soluble - B complex and C

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18
Q

What are the general functions, bioactive form and toxicity symptoms of vitamin A?

A

Includes several related compounds:
Retinol (alcohol) - biologically active form
Retinal (aldehyde)
Retinoic acid

Required in animal diets

Functions: vision, bone growth, reproduction, epithelial cell maintenance

Toxicity:
Long-term overconsumption may lead to toxicity
Common symptoms include skeletal abnormalities and thickening of skin
Other symptoms may vary by species, age, physiological condition

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19
Q

What do carotenoids do?

A

Provide pigmentation to plants

Two forms:
Carotenes (Vitamin A precursor)
Xanthophylls

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20
Q

What are the general functions, bioactive form and deficiency symptoms of vitamin D?

A

Group of sterol compounds that regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism

Formed by the irradiation of sterols in plants or in the skin

Two major forms of vitamin D are:
Ergocalciferol (D2; activated plant form)
Cholecalciferol (D3; activated animal form)

Functions:
Steroid hormone
Blood Ca regulation

Deficiency - impaired bone mineralization, abnormal skeletal development, rickets (young animals), osteomalacia (growing animals)

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21
Q

What are the general functions, bioactive form and deficiency symptoms of vitamin E?

A

Group of chemically related compounds called tocopherols and tocotrienols

α-tocopherol is the most active biological form

Functions:
Free radical scavenger
Antioxidant function
Affects immune response

Deficiency - white muscle disease, crazy chick disease

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22
Q

What are the general functions and bioactive form of vitamin K?

A

Group of compounds called the quinones
K1 (phylloquinones): found in plants
K2 (menaquinones): metabolically active form; synthesized by hindgut bacteria or converted from K1 or K3 in liver
K3 (menadione): synthetic form

Required for the synthesis of prothrombin, a blood-clotting protein

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23
Q

What are the general functions, bioactive form and deficiency symptoms of thiamine (B1)?

A

One molecule of pyrimidine and one of thiazole

Functions as a component of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Deficiency can lead to stargazing

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24
Q

What are the general functions and deficiency symptoms of riboflavin (B2)?

Study These Flashcards
A

Functions as a component of two coenzymes
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Deficiency can lead to curled toe paralysis

25
What are the general functions and deficiency symptoms of niacin (B3)?
Functions as a constituent of NAD and NADPH Can be synthesized from tryptophan in most animals (except cats) Deficiency can lead to black tongue disease (dogs) and spectacled eyes (chickens)
26
What are the general functions of pantothenic acid (B5)?
Functions: energy production, metabolism, growth and development, immune function, wound healing
27
What are the general functions and bioactive form of pyroxidine (B6)?
Three forms: Pyridoxine (plant) Pyridoxal (animal) - biologically active form Pyridoxamine (animal) Functions Amino acid metabolism reactions Synthesis hemoglobin Conversion of tryptophan to niacin
28
What are the general functions and deficiency symptoms of biotin (B7)?
Functions Crucial for various metabolic processes Aids in maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nails Deficiency unlikely in normal dietary conditions
29
What are the general functions and deficiency symptoms of folic acid (B9)?
Essential for DNA synthesis, repair, and methylation in animals Deficiency may cause neural tube defects
30
What are the general functions of vitamin C?
Essential for tissue growth and repair, immune system support, antioxidant protection
31
Water is one of the most important essential nutrients. Why?
Cheapest and most abundant nutrient Essential for life Makes up: ½ to ⅔ of adult body Up to 90% of newborn body
32
Describe the functions of water.
Thermoregulation (high specific heat capacity and high heat of vaporization): 1. evaporative cooling (metabolic reactions give off lot of heat) 2. blood flow regulation 3. internal fluid balance (don’t have storage mechanism for water, so proper level needs to be maintained) Body metabolism: solvent (maintain cellular functions, enzyme activity, pH regulation, chemical reactions), transport medium, dilutant, hydrolysis and oxidation
33
What is metabolic water? How much is produced each day?
water created through metabolism amount depends on feed nutrient being broken down Protein = 0.4 g water/g protein Carbohydrates = 0.6 g water/g carbohydrate Fat = 1.0 g water/g fat May account for 5-10% of daily water needs
34
How is water lost from the body?
urine, feces, lungs (breathing), skin (sweating), milk (85-87% water)
35
Describe the factors that regulate water intake.
Physiological - thirst, hormonal control, kidney function, osmoregulation Environmental (external cues) - temperature, humidity, water quality, water availability, feed DM
36
Water quality can affect cattle health. Identify & describe common contaminants that influence water quality.
Sulfates - compounds containing SO4-; Limit = 500-1,000 ppm; Diarrhea, Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) - excessive sulfates can lead to thiamine deficiency, causes stargazing Nitrates - compounds containing NO3-; Limit = less than 100 ppm; Death without warning → binds to hemoglobin, so blood can’t be transported (animal suffocates from inside) Cyanobacteria - blue-green algae, gram-negative bacteria; blooms produce harmful toxins
37
List the average water requirements of livestock and pets.
Varies based on species, size, age, activity level, diet, environmental conditions Livestock = 1 gallon/100 lbs body weight Dogs = 1 oz/lb body weight Cats = 5-10 oz/day
38
Describe ways that might cause water intake to be restricted and list some of the consequences associated with water restriction.
Intentional: Limited availability (i.e. drought) Cleanliness (i.e. algal bloom) Surgery Competitions (weight classes) Unintentional: Failure of water supply Inappropriate design for species Competition (not enough headspace) Poor quality Extreme ambient temperature Inappropriately balanced diet Stray voltage - wiring problem causes water to be electrified, so the animals avoid the water because it is painful (could be deadly) Consequences of water restriction: Electrolyte imbalances Dehydration Frustration Stereotypies
39
What are minerals? How are they like vitamins and how are they different?
Naturally occurring inorganic elements Essential for proper function Cannot be synthesized by body - must be obtained from diet
40
How are minerals classified?
Major minerals vs. trace minerals Essential vs. nonessential
41
Compare the terms “essential” and “nonessential” regarding minerals vs. amino acids.
In amino acids, essential means they must be provided in the diet because the body cannot synthesize them. Non-essential amino acids are able to be synthesized, and therefore don't need to be provided in the diet. In minerals, no minerals can be synthesized, so essential refers to minerals the body requires to be provided for life, while non-essential refers to minerals the body can live without for some time
42
List the major minerals. How can they be subcategorized?
Structural components:calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S) Cell function and acid/base balance: sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl)
43
Describe the major functions and common toxicity or deficiency symptoms of calcium.
Most abundant mineral in the body Functions: skeletal formation, blood clotting, rhythmic heart action, neuromuscular excitability, membrane permeability, enzyme activation Too much calcium can override phosphorus Calcium deficiency: Rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, milk fever, hypocalcemia, egg shell deformities
44
Describe the major functions and common toxicity or deficiency symptoms of phosphorus.
Often considered with calcium Ideal Ca:P ratio = 1:1 or 2:1 Functions: skeletal formation, regulation of blood Ca, formation of phospholipids, nucleic acids, coenzymes, and energy metabolism (ADP and ATP)
45
Describe the major functions and common toxicity or deficiency symptoms of magnesium.
Required for normal bone mineralization Functions: skeletal formation, nerve and muscle function, enzyme cofactor, metabolism of ATP and ADP Magnesium deficiency: Hypomagnesemia (grass tetany) - causes muscle tetany (rigidity), fast growing grass is low in Mg, high in K (an Mg antagonist)
46
Describe the major functions and common toxicity or deficiency symptoms of sulfur.
Functions: AA synthesis, vitamin synthesis, coenzyme formation, structural support, antioxidant activity and immune system support
47
Describe the major functions and common toxicity or deficiency symptoms of sodium.
Functions: nerve impulse transmission, muscle function, nutrient absorption, pH regulation, blood volume and pressure
48
Describe the major functions and common toxicity or deficiency symptoms of potassium.
Functions: electrolyte balance, nerve impulses and muscle contraction, cellular function, metabolism, heart function
49
Describe the major functions and common toxicity or deficiency symptoms of chlorine.
Distributed throughout the body as chloride ions (Cl) Functions: fluid and electrolyte balance, nutrient absorption, muscle function
50
What are the differences between osteomalacia and rickets?
Rickets - occurs in young animals, causes misshapen bones, enlargement of joints, lameness, stiffness Osteomalacia - occurs in adult animals, causes misshapen bones, enlargement of joints, lameness, stiffness
51
What minerals are associated with bone and teeth formation?
calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium
52
Calcium levels in the blood are tightly regulated by a complex series of events. Describe this process.
When we need more calcium, PTH release increases from the thyroid and parathyroid, telling the bones to release some calcium and the kidneys to increase calcium reabsorption and vitamin D (also increases calcium absorption in the small intestine) If we have too much calcium, feedback mechanisms help shut it down, because too much calcium in the kidneys forms kidney stones
53
What minerals are considered electrolytes?
cations: sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium anions: chlorin, sulfur, phosphorus
54
Outline what happens in a dairy cow with low blood calcium during early lactation (hypocalcemia). How can the DCAD help prevent this?
Milk fever - occurs shortly after calving, increased calcium demand for milk production, mobilization of calcium from body stores, lack of calcium reduces muscle contraction DCAD = Dietary cation/anion difference (measure of difference between cations, Na and K, and anions, Cl and S, in diet) Dry period = negative DCAD (more anions than cations), helps speed up calcium mobilization to prevent milk fever Lactation = positive DCAD (more cations than anions), supports milk production and overall health
55
Grass tetany is a condition that may occur in cattle grazing lush, rapidly growing grass in the spring of the year. What is the cause of grass tetany?
Hypomagnesemia (grass tetany) - causes muscle tetany (rigidity), fast growing grass is low in Mg, high in K (an Mg antagonist)
56
List the trace minerals.
Zinc, copper, selenium, manganese, iodine, cobalt, iron, molybdenum
57
Describe the functions of copper and why copper intake is highly regulated in sheep.
red blood cell production, immune function, bone development, wool, skin, and hair pigmentation (melanin production) Sheep are vulnerable to toxicity: inefficient excretion, high affinity in hepatocytes (causes build-up) Tight regulation can lead to deficiencies: changes wool quality and pigmentation, swayback in lambs
58
Describe the functions of selenium. Why is white muscle disease a potential issue in livestock? How is it treated?
thyroid metabolism, immune function, and muscle function Deficiency may cause myodegeneration (white muscle disease): may also be caused by vitamin E deficiency, blood work needed to determine exact cause, usually treated with both

Nutrition (5 decks)

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