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Nutrition > Nutrition Exam 3 Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Nutrition Exam 3 Lecture Notes Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Bioenergetics

A

energy metabolism, critical to animal nutriton

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2
Q

How much energy (kcal/g) is in carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids?

A

Carbohydrates = 4
Protein = 4
Lipids = 9

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3
Q

What is energy?

A

Energy = the capability to do work

Work = force x distance

Chemical energy = potential energy in food
Calories

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4
Q

Calorie (cal)

A

amount of heat required to increase the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius

Kilocalorie (kcal): one thousand calories

Megacalorie (Mcal): one million calories

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5
Q

Joule

A

standard unit of energy (work)

energy required to displace 1 Newton, 1 meter

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6
Q

How many Joules does 1 calorie equal?

A

One calorie = 4.183 Joules

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7
Q

How is energy expenditure expressed?

A

expressed as units of energy per amount of time
Watt = 1 J/sec
Horsepower = 746 J/sec

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8
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

energy can neither be created nor destroyed

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9
Q

Gross energy

A

total amount of energy consumed

amount of heat liberated when a feed sample is completely burned into carbon dioxide and water

determined by a bomb calorimeter

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10
Q

Digestible energy

A

amount of energy that is digested and potentially available for utilization

Digestible energy = gross energy (GE) - fecal energy (FE)

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11
Q

Metabolizable energy

A

energy used for metabolism

Metabolizable energy = digestible energy (DE) - urinary energy (UE) - gaseous energy

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12
Q

Net energy

A

represents the fraction of the total energy consumed that is utilized for production purposes

NE = metabolizable energy (ME) - heat increment (HI)

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13
Q

Heat increment (HI)

A

Heat increment = heat loss of eating animal - heat loss of fasting animal

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14
Q

Energy maintenance

A

energy required to maintain constant body weight

Goal: metabolize energy intake = energy expenditure

Positive energy balance = weight gain
Negative energy balance = weight loss

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15
Q

Metabolic consequences of energy imbalance

A

Weight gain or loss
Reduced fertility
Decreased productivity
Compromised immune system
Behavioral changes
Increased mortality

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16
Q

Management strategies to avoid energy imbalance

A

Optimize feed intake
Provide energy-dense feeds
Body condition scoring
Proper feeding management
Transition period management
Early detection and treatment

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17
Q

Obesity

A

Associated with excess energy intake

Commonly seen in companion animals and horses

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18
Q

Fatty liver disease

A

energy demands exceed intake

fat stores are mobilized

excessive NEFA accumulation in liver

most often seen in high producing dairy cows

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19
Q

Ketosis

A

body mobilizes large amounts of fat for energy

due to a lack of available glucose

results in buildup of ketone bodies in the blood

most often seen in high producing dairy cows

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20
Q

Pregnancy toxemia (aka pregnancy disease, lambing sickness, and twin-lamb/kid disease)

A

caused by low blood sugar (glucose)

onset often triggered by stress - nutritional, inclement weather

most prevalent in ewes/does carrying multiples and over- or under-weight ewes/does

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21
Q

Equine metabolic syndrome

A

disorder associated with insulin dysregulation

characterized by regional fat deposition and reduced ability to lose weight

commonly seen in ponies, donkeys, Arabians, and mustangs

increases the risk for laminitis

treated through diet and exercise management

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22
Q

What are vitamins?

A

“vital amines”

organic molecules

DO NOT provide energy

Needed in minute amounts

Classified based on solubility

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23
Q

General functions of vitamins

A

metabolism, growth and development, immune function, nerve function, blood clotting, bone health, vision, skin health, antioxidants

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24
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

Study These Flashcards
A

A, D, E, and K

25
Water soluble vitamins
B complex and C
26
Vitamin A
Includes several related compounds: Retinol (alcohol) - biologically active form Retinal (aldehyde) Retinoic acid Required in animal diets Functions: vision, bone growth, reproduction, epithelial cell maintenance Long-term overconsumption may lead to toxicity: common symptoms include skeletal abnormalities and thickening of skin (other symptoms may vary by species, age, physiological condition)
27
Carotenoids
Provide pigmentation to plants Two forms: Carotenes (Vitamin A precursor) Xanthophylls
28
Vitamin D
Group of sterol compounds that regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism Formed by the irradiation of sterols in plants or in the skin Two major forms of vitamin D are: Ergocalciferol (D2; activated plant form) Cholecalciferol (D3; activated animal form) Functions - steroid hormone, blood Ca regulation Deficiency - impaired bone mineralization, abnormal skeletal development, rickets (young animals), osteomalacia (growing animals)
29
Vitamin E
Group of chemically related compounds called tocopherols and tocotrienols α-tocopherol is the most active biological form Functions - free radical scavenger, antioxidant function, affects immune response Deficiency - white muscle disease, crazy chick disease
30
Vitamin K
Group of compounds called the quinones: K1 (phylloquinones): found in plants K2 (menaquinones): metabolically active form; synthesized by hindgut bacteria or converted from K1 or K3 in liver K3 (menadione): synthetic form Required for the synthesis of prothrombin, a blood-clotting protein
31
Vitamin B complex
thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folic acid
32
Thiamine
vitamin B1 One molecule of pyrimidine and one of thiazole Functions as a component of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP): Pyruvate dehydrogenase Α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Deficiency can lead to stargazing
33
Riboflavin
vitamin B2 Functions as a component of two coenzymes: Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) Deficiency can lead to curled toe paralysis
34
Niacin
vitamin B3 Functions as a constituent of NAD and NADPH Can be synthesized from tryptophan in most animals (except cats) Deficiency can lead to black tongue disease (dogs) and spectacled eyes (chickens)
35
Pantothenic acid
vitamin B5 Functions: energy production, metabolism, growth and development, immune function, wound healing
36
Pyridoxine
vitamin B6 Three forms: Pyridoxine (plant) Pyridoxal (animal) - biologically active form Pyridoxamine (animal) Functions: Amino acid metabolism reactions Synthesis hemoglobin Conversion of tryptophan to niacin
37
Biotin
vitamin B7 Functions: Crucial for various metabolic processes Aids in maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nails Deficiency unlikely in normal dietary conditions
38
Folic acid
vitamin B9 Essential for DNA synthesis, repair, and methylation in animals Deficiency may cause neural tube defects
39
Vitamin C
Essential for tissue growth and repair, immune system support, antioxidant protection
40
Why is water important in nutrition?
Cheapest and most abundant nutrient Essential for life Makes up: ½ to ⅔ of adult body Up to 90% of newborn body
41
Functions of water
Body metabolism and temperature control (thermoregulation)
42
Roles and properties of water related to thermoregulation
Roles: Evaporative cooling - metabolic reactions give off lot of heat Blood flow regulation Internal fluid balance - don’t have storage mechanism for water, so proper level needs to be maintained Properties: High specific heat capacity High heat of vaporization
43
How is water important for body metabolism?
It is a universal solvent, transport medium, dilutant, hydrolysis and oxidation
44
Why is water being a solvent important for body metabolism?
Helps maintain cellular functions Important for enzyme activity Helps with acid-base balance (pH regulation) Involved in chemical reactions (required for some, released from others)
45
Metabolic water
water created through metabolism Amount depends on feed nutrient being broken down May account for 5-10% of daily water needs
46
How much water is in each g of protein, carbohydrate, and fat?
Protein = 0.4 g water/g protein Carbohydrates = 0.6 g water/g carbohydrate Fat = 1.0 g water/g fat
47
Sources of water
drinking water (usually biggest supplier), free-water, metabolic water
48
Sources of water loss
Urine, feces, lungs (breathing), skin (sweating), milk (85-87% water)
49
How is water intake regulated?
Physiological - thirst, hormonal control, kidney function, osmoregulation Environmental (external cues) - temperature, humidity, water quality, water availability, feed DM
50
What affects water quality?
Odor and taste - mildew, chlorine, metallic, urine/feces Chemical properties - dissolved solids, pH Toxic compounds Presence of excess minerals Presence of microorganisms
51
Salinity of water
measure of total dissolved solids (TDS) Acceptable limit = 0.25%
52
Sulfates in water
compounds containing SO4- Limit = 500-1,000 ppm Toxicity at greater than 1,000 ppm causes: Diarrhea Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) - excessive sulfates can lead to thiamine deficiency, causes stargazing
53
Nitrates in water
compounds containing NO3- Limit = less than 100 ppm Toxicity at 100-200 ppm causes: Death without warning → binds to hemoglobin, so blood can’t be transported (animal suffocates from inside)
54
Cyanobacteria in water
blue-green algae, gram-negative bacteria Blooms produce harmful toxins
55
Water requirements
Varies based on species, size, age, activity level, diet, environmental conditions Livestock = 1 gallon/100 lbs body weight Dogs = 1 oz/lb body weight Cats = 5-10 oz/day
56
Reasons for intentional water restriction
Limited availability (i.e. drought) Cleanliness (i.e. algal bloom) Surgery Competitions (weight classes)
56
Reasons for unintentional water restriction
Failure of water supply Inappropriate design for species Competition (not enough headspace) Poor quality Extreme ambient temperature Inappropriately balanced diet Stray voltage - wiring problem causes water to be electrified, so the animals avoid the water because it is painful (could be deadly)
57
Consequences of water restriction
Electrolyte imbalances Dehydration Frustration Stereotypies

Nutrition (5 decks)

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