Exam 3 Study Questions Flashcards
(27 cards)
The following item appears on a survey: “Was your cell phone purchased within the last two years and have you downloaded the most recent updates?” What is the biggest problem with this wording?
a. It is a leading question
b. It involves negative wording
c. It is a double-barreled question
d. It is not on a Likert scale
C
When people are using an acquiescent response set, they are:
a. Trying to give the responses the researcher wants to hear.
b. Misrepresenting their views to appear more socially acceptable.
c. Giving the same, neurtral answers to each question.
d. Tending to agree with every item, no matter what it says.
D
In which of the following situations do people more accurately answer survey questions? - select multiple
a. When they are describing reasons for their own behavior.
b. When they are describing what happened to them, especially after important events.
c. When they are describing their subjective experience: how they personally feel about something.
d. People almost never answer survey questions accurately.
B and C
Which of the following makes it more likely that behavioral observations will have good interrater reliability?
a. A masked study design
b. A clear codebook
c. Using naive, untrained coders
d. Open-ended questions
B
Which one of the following is a means of controlling observer bias?
a. Using unobtrusive observations
b. Waiting for the participants to become used to the observer
c. Making sure the observer does not know the study’s hypothesis
d. Measuring physical traces of behavior rather than observing behavior directly.
C
Which of the following is a way of preventing reactivity?
a. Waiting for the participants to become used to the observer
b. Making sure the observers do not know the study’s hypothesis
c. Making sure the observer uses a clear codebook
d. Ensuring the observers have a good interrater reliability
A
Which of the following four terms is not synonymous with the others?
a. Generalizable sample
b. Externally valid sample
c. Representative sample
d. Biased sample
D
A researcher’s population of interest is New York City dog owners. Which of the following samples is most likely to generalize to this population of interest?
a. A sample of 25 dog owners visiting dog-friendly New York City parks.
b. A sample of 25 dog owners who have appointents for their dogs at veterinarians in the New York City area.
c. A sample of 25 dog owners selected at random from New York City pet registration records.
d. A sample of 25 dog owners who visited New York City’s ASPCA website.
C
Which of the following samples is most likely to generalize to its population of interest?
a. A convenience sample of 12,000
b. A quota sample of 120
c. A stratified random sample of 120
d. A self-selected sample of 120,000
C
Externally valid samples are more important for some research questions than for others. For which of the following research questions will it be most important to use an externally valid sampling technique?
a. Estimating the proportion of U.S. teens who are depressed.
b. Testing the association between depression and illegal drug use in U.S. teens.
c. Testing the effectiveness of support groups for teens with depression.
A
Suppose you hear that conscientious people are more likely to get regular health checkups. Which of the following correlations between conscientiousness and getting checkups would probably support this claim?
a - r=.03
b- r=.45
c- r=-.35
d - r=-1.0
B
Which of these associations will probably be plotted as a bar graph rather than a scatterplot?
a. The more conscientious people are, the greater the likelihood they’ll get regular health checkups.
b. Level of depression is linked to the amount of exercise people get.
c. Students at private colleges get higher GPAs than those at public colleges.
d. The level of chronic stomach pain in kids is linked to later anxiety as adults.
C
A study found that people who like spicy foods are generally risk takers. Which of the following questions interrogates the construct validity of this correlation?
a. How strong is the effect?
b. Did the study use a random sample of people?
c. Were there any outliers in the relationship?
d. How well did they measure each variable: risk taking and liking spicy foods?
D
Darrin reads a story reporting that students at private colleges get higher GPAs than those at public colleges. He wonders if this means going to a private college causes you to have a higher GPA. Applying the causal criteria, Darrin knows there is covariance here. He also knows there is temporal precedence because you choose a college first, then get your GPA. Which of the following questions would help Darrin ask about the third criterion, internal validity?
a. Could there be a restriction of range?
b. Is the link between private college and high grades the same for both men and women?
c. How did they decide what qualifies a college as private or public?
d. Is there some other reason these two are related? Maybe better students are more likely to go to private colleges, and they are likely to get better grades.
D
Which of the following sentences describes a moderator for the relationship between risk taking and liking spicy foods?
a. There is a positive relationship between liking spicy foods and risk taking for men, but no relationship for women.
b. Older adults tend to like spicy foods less than younger adults.
c. The relationship between liking spicy foods and risk taking is the same for people in cities and rural areas.
A
A headline about social media use makes the following (bivariate) association claim: “Social media use is linked to lower grades in college.” The two variables in this headline are…
a. Social media use and quality of grades
b. High social media use or low social media use
c. Good grades or poor grades
A
Suppose a researcher uses a longitudinal design to study the relationship between social media use and grades over time. She measures both of these variables in Year 1 and then measures both variables again in Year 2. Which of the following is an example of autocorrelation in the results?
a. The correlation between social media use in Year 1 and social media use in Year 2
b. The correlation between social media use in Year 1 and grades in Year 2
c. The correlation between grades in Year 1 and social media use in Year 2
d. The correlation between grades in Year 1 and social media use in Year 1
A
What pattern of cross-lag correlations would indicate that social media use leads to lower grades?
a. Grades at Year 1 show a strong correlation with social media use at Year 2, but social media use at Year 1 shows a strong correlation with grades at Year 2.
b. Grades at Year 1 show a weak correlation with social media use at Year 2, but social media use at Year 1 shows a strong correlation with grades at Year 2.
c. Grades at Year 1 shoes a strong correlation with social media use at Year 2, and social media use at Year 1 shows a strong correlation with grades at Year 2.
B
Consider this statement: “People who use social media got worse grades in college, even when the researchers controlled for the level of college preparation of the students.” What does it mean?
a. Social media use and grades are correlated only because both of these are associated with SAT score.
b. SAT score is a third variable that seems to explain the association between social media use and grades.
c. SAT score can be ruled out as a third variable explanation for the correlation between social media use and college grades.
C
Which of the following statements is an example of a mediator of the relationship between social media use and college grades?
a. Social media use and college grades are more strongly associated among non-athletes, and less strongly correlated among athletes.
b. Social media use and college grades are only correlated with each other because they are both related to the difficulty of the major. Students in more difficult majors get worse grades, and those in difficult majors have less time to use social media.
c. Social media use and college grades are correlated because social media uses leads to less studying time, which leads to lower grades.
C
A news outlet reported on a study of people with dementia. The study found that among patients with dementia, bilingual people had been diagnosed 3-4 years later than those who were monolingual. What are the variables in this bivariate association?
a. Being bilingual or monolingual
b. Being bilingual or not, and age at dementia diagnoses.
c. Age at dementia diagnosis
B
The journalist reported that the relationship between bilingualism and age of dementia diagnosis did not change, even when the researchers-controlled level of education. What does this suggest?
a. That the relationship between bilingualism and dementia onset is probably attributable to the third variable: level of education.
b. That the relationship between bilingualism and dementia onset is not attributable to the potential third variable: level of education.
c. Being bilingual can prevent dementia.
B
Researchers speculated that the reason bilingualism is associated with later onset of dementia is that bilingual people develop richer connections in the brain through their experiences in managing two languages, and these connections help stave off dementia symptoms. The statement describes:
a. Mediator
b. Moderator
c. Third variable
A
If you repeat a study and find the same results as the first time, what can you say about the original study?
a. It is replicable
b. It is statistically significant
c. It is valid
d. It is consistent
A
