Exam 3: week 14 Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
how did coping research begin?
A
began with book psychological stress and the coping process ⇒ by richard lazarus
- coping is a very active area of research
2
Q
Coping
A
cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage the internal and external demands of situations that are appraised as stressful
3
Q
major dimensions of coping? (3)
A
- Problem vs emotion focused coping
- Approach vs avoidance
- Behavioral vs cognitive
4
Q
Problem focus coping
A
efforts to solve ro change the stressor itself ⇒ problem solving
5
Q
emotion focused coping
A
efforts to reduce or manage the distress from the stressor ⇒ seeking emotional support
6
Q
approach coping
A
active efforts to do something about the stressor or its emotional consequences
- Problem solving or seeking support
7
Q
avoidant coping
A
avoiding or withdrawing from the stressor or thoughts of it
- Not thinking about it; withdrawing from others
8
Q
behavioral coping; examples (2)
A
taking or voiding taking action
- Problem solving
- Problem avoidance
9
Q
cognitive coping; examples? (2)
A
mental strategies and self talk
- Cognitive reappraisal
- Rumination
10
Q
what are 5 core categories of coping?
A
- Problem solving
- Support seeking
- Avoidance
- Distraction
- Positive reappraisal/cognitive restructuring
11
Q
what are 4 other possible coping categories?
A
- Rumination
- Helplessness
- Social withdrawal
- Emotional regulation
12
Q
Exam question: seeking emotional social support is best characterized as which type of coping?
- Problem focused approach
- Approach avoidance
- Emotion focused approach
- Emotion focused avoidance
A
Emotion focused approach
13
Q
what is correlated with more psychopathology? (3)
A
- avoidance
- rumination (especially)
- suppression => based on not expressing emotions
14
Q
what poor mental or physical correlations are highest with depression and anxiety?
A
depression and anxiety for avoidance, rumination, and suppression
- more than eating disorders/substance abuse
15
Q
what are problems with self report correlational studies for coping and distress? (2)
A
- cant determine directionality
- confounding measures of coping and distress => Avoidance is a symptoms of PTSD
16
Q
what are solutions to problems with cross sectional studies and self report measures? (3)
A
- longitudinal studies
- experimental studies
- physiological measures
17
Q
longitudinal studies
A
follows people at different points in time
- More cognitive and behavioral avoidance coping at time 1 ⇒ more acute and chronic problems as dependent stressors later ⇒ more depressed later on
- Avoidance measured before distress not confounded with current distress as in correlational studies
18
Q
experimental studies
A
different conditions
- participants are brought to lab and engage in a stressful task or go through an emotional induction
- Instructed to engage in a particular coping strategy where emotions are measured
- Benefits: can make claims about causation and coping is not confounded with outcomes
19
Q
is rumination or positive reappraisal less effective in reducing negative mood?
A
rumination
20
Q
physiological measures
A
physical measurements
21
Q
what effects might rumination have?
A
prolong activation of negative emotional responses to stressors and the corresponding physiological responses
- When people reported having ruminated more during the previous 2 weeks about the transgression they had increased levels of cortisol which can have harmful effects on the immune system
22
Q
how does confounding measures between avoidant coping and depression change with viral load?
A
Less confounding between measures of avoidant coping and viral load vs depression
- Avoidant coping is not good
23
Q
what physiological issues is avoidant coping related to? (2)
A
- lower adherence with medication taking
- higher viral load
24
Q
what do rumination and avoidance predict?
A
experiencing more dependent stressors at a later point in time
- If people actively contribute to generating stressors then they can actively contribute to changing the patterns leading to more stressors
25
what is associated with less psychopathology? (3)
- acceptance
- problem solving
- reappraisal
26
what is acceptance most correlated with?
less PTSD symptoms
27
what factors obscure the relations between adaptive coping and distress? (4)
1. Some items are confounded with distress
- Emotional approach/venting ⇒ getting upset and letting feelings out
2. Only need to cope if you are distressed ⇒ reactive
- Support seeking ⇒ get sympathy and understanding
3. In meta analyses, different strategies are sometimes combined into one category
- Venting and reappraisal
4. Studies tend to focus on negative outcomes
- Anxiety, depression, distress, etc.
28
when is there a stronger relationship between adaptive coping strategies and outcomes?
if outcome involve positive affect (PA) than negative affect (NA) in daily diary studies
29
what is problem solving related to?
more positive affect and reappraisal as well as acceptance
- More positive mood the next day using reappraisal
30
what are effective emotion regulatory strategies?
distraction and reappraisal
- Less strong as a physiological measure
31
is positive reappraisal or rumination more effective in reducing negative moods?
positive reappraisal
32
what are 4 issues that affect coping research?
1. individualistic focus
2. retrospective reports
3. use of coping checklists
4. studies ignoring the context of coping
33
individualistic focus
ignores how other people in ones life cope or how they might cope together ⇒ does not provide a comprehensive view of the coping process and factors related to mental health and relationship satisfaction
- coping research is individualistic
34
what are solutions to individualistic focus? (2)
- examine both partners coping
- dyadic coping
35
what happens with focusing on both partners coping?
noticing if one partner avoids, so does the other ⇒ then both are less happy and less satisfied with their relationship
36
dyadic coping
process engaged in together as a couple vs individually
37
Positive dyadic coping
sitting down to talk together and share feelings, analyzing the situation together, and taking on things a partner would normally do to help them out
38
what is positive dyadic coping associated with?
greater relationship satisfaction ⇒ especially discussing solutions
39
negative dyadic coping
when partners are stressed they both withdrawal and avoid one another ⇒ partner provides support but does so unwillingly
40
what is negative dyadic coping associated with?
with lower relationship satisfaction ⇒ especially providing support unwillingly
41
retrospective reports
people may not remember what they did to cope over a 2-week or 1-month period ⇒ ignores dynamic nature of coping
- How you cope also changes the stressor ⇒ avoidance vs problem solving
- Seen as a major problem in literature ⇒ may contribute to inconclusive and contradictory findings that have frequently occurred in coping literature
42
what is a solution to retrospective reports?
daily diary method
43
daily diary method
ask people to report every day or several times a day ho they are coping with stressors
- Diary methods limit recall error and bias
- What you say you do on a retrospective measure may not be what you actually do on a daily basis
- Can better reveal the dynamic process of coping
44
what is daily rumination and avoidance associated with?
more negative mood on the same day
45
what is daily reappraisal, problem solving, and support seeking associated with?
more positive mood
46
T/F daily coping measures are not perfectly related to retrospective dispositional coping measures?
True
- Dispositional coping measures are what you generally do compared what you do day of
47
coping checklists
checklists give you a set list of coping options but these may not fit your situation or describe how you cope
48
what are solutions to coping checklists?
narrative approach
49
narrative approach
person describes in their own words how they are coping with a stressor
- Can reveal new strategies not on standard checklist
- Could lead to improvement in measures
- Illustrates complexity of coping process
50
what is one drawback to narrative approaches?
Responses to narratives are harder to quantify ⇒ can’t use in meta analyses
51
ignoring the context of coping
often studies ask people how they are coping with a stressor in their life but people are dealing with different types of stressors
- Even if they have all experienced the same event there are different aspects of events that are stressful
- Concerns about future health vs dealing with health insurance
- Ignoring types of stressors is an important problem because efficacy of coping strategies depends on nature of stressors
52
what are solutions to ignoring context of coping?
to measure strategy situation fit
53
Strategy situation fit
match between the characteristics of coping strategies and the specific demands of the stressful events
- If the stressful situation is controllable, then try to directly change the problem
- If the stressful situation is uncontrollable, then try to change thoughts and/or feelings about the problem
54
Temporal model
focusing on what you can control in the present
55
is it better to use emotion focused coping if there are actions to take? is problem focused solving better?
Using problem focused coping to deal with more controllable stressors was associated with less stress
- Support seeking (emotion focused) is associated with more stress for low and high control events
56
is focusing on the things you can control more or less related to stress than matching strategies to the controllability of the stressor?
Less related to stress
- Present control was more related to less stress than situation strategy fit
- Strategy situation for hypothesis would predict that students who appraised a stressor as uncontrollable and used emotion focused coping to deal with it ould report less stress
- Suggests that students who focused on the aspects of their stressors that they could control reported less stress than if they matched their coping strategies to control appraisals
57
Example question: which of the following is not a methodological problem in coping research
- Coping studies tend to ignore the context of the stressor
- Coping studies tend to focus only on an individual's coping strategies
- Coping measures are often completed retrospectively
- Coping measures are too long to be completed daily
Coping measures are too long to be completed daily
58
what can childhood trauma lead to in terms of self autonomy? How do people deal with stress?
childhood trauma can engender a sense of powerlessness
- This may lead to dealing with stressors through avoidance or withdrawal
59
what coping does more ACEs lead to?
more avoidant coping
- avoidant coping most related to emotional neglect and sexual abuse
60
what is more childhood maltreatment associated with for college students?
more daily rumination and avoidant coping among college students
- daily avoidant coping partly explains the relation between emotional abuse and distress
61
how does emotional abuse tend to lead to more distress later in life? (3)
- May be related to how people deal with distress
- Avoidant coping is related with destress ⇒ academic distress, anxiety, depression, hostility
- Sexual victimization may not be related to avoidant coping
62
big 5 personality traits?
- Openness: being open to new ideas and experiences
- Conscientiousness: being mindful of details and goal oriented
- Neuroticism: more negative mood and being more reactive
- Extraversion: sociable and outgoing
- Agreeableness: cooperative and empathic
63
how related is personality and coping?
relations between personality and coping are small to moderate but can add up over many stressors
64
what is extraversion related to?
support seeking and reappraisal
65
what is neuroticism related to?
withdrawal
66
what is conscientiousness related to?
problem solving
67
what is agreeableness and openness related to?
not that related to coping
68
is personality more related to retrospective or daily coping?
retrospective coping
- Neuroticism and avoidance are more related to retrospective measures of rumination than daily rumination
- Conscientiousness has a higher retrospective correlation to approach coping than daily measures do
69
what are conclusions for gender differences in coping? (4)
- Women engage in more rumination than men do ⇒ small effect size
- Women tend to use most coping strategies more than men ⇒ including problem solving and positive self talk (No strategies men used more than women)
- Women tend to appraise events as more stressful than men => Part of why women engage in more coping
- Most robust finding is that women are more likely to seek emotional support than are men
70
is seeking emotional support is more consistent with female or male gender roles regarding emotions?
females
71
Tend and befriend theory
fight or flight is unlikely to be only a stress response ⇒ fighting would leave vulnerable, hard to flee with infants
- Under conditions of threat, tending to offspring and affiliation with others are common responses in humans
- Tend and befriend responses to stress may be particularly characteristic of (but not exclusive to) women
72
how did tend and befriend evolve in women?
Women's responses to threat would have evolved to protect themselves and their offspring
- evolutionary theory of support seeking
- Men responsible for protection and hunting
- Women for childcare and foraging
73
is there more research on coping processes or coping interventions?
coping processing, less research on coping interventions
- adaptive outcomes under stress has not seen adequate translation into strategies for psychosocial intervention
- Genetic testing, sexual assault, work stress, general psychotherapy
74
based on emotional regulation, what techniques may be helpful?
reprisal and distraction
- Use distraction at all other times when experiencing unwanted intrusive thoughts
75
for people in the study design with genetic testing, did the distraction pamphlet group or standard information group have less intrusive thoughts?
those who received the coping pamphlet encouraging active distraction reported fewer intrusive thoughts
- But only if they had more distress to begin with
- Less distressed group didn't need the information most likely
76
how effective was the prevention of post rape video? What were its suggestions?
prevention of post-rape stress video was more effective in increasing present control and decreasing PTSD symptoms than relaxation video or no video => but only for those with a prior sexual assault who were more distressed initially
- Don't avoid situations that didn't make you nervous before ⇒ otherwise you'll never learn they are safe
- Don't use drugs of alcohol to avoid feeling
- Keep busy and don't withdraw from others
- Don't blame yourself
77
what is the coping flexibility intervention with work employees? (3)
- Distinguish between types of coping strategies
- Distinguish between types of stressors ⇒ controllable vs uncontrollable
- Match the coping strategy to the stressor
78
what are distinguishments between types of coping strategies? (2)
- Strategies that change the problem ⇒ problem focused
- Strategies that change one's thoughts or emotions ⇒ emotion focused
79
how do you match the coping strategy to the stressor? (2)
- Problem focused if controllable
- Emotion focused if not controllable
80
was cognitive behavioral training or CBT and coping flexibility training more effective?
coping flexibility group increased most in coping flexibility ⇒ matching their coping to controllability of the stressor
- coping flexibility group decreased most in depression
- People who became more flexible was the reason depression decreased
- Way of teaching people how to cope
81
what types of psychotherapy teach coping skills? (3)
- CBT => Reappraisal and problem solving
- Mindfulness => Acceptance and non avoidance
- Dialectical behavioral therapy => Emotion regulation skills
82
what types of maladaptive coping decreases following CBT, mindfulness, or DBT? (4)
- Rumination decreased in 28 studies
- Avoidance decreased in 18 studies
- Overall deficits in emotion regulation decreased in 19 studies
- Suppression had little evidence of change in 4 studies
83
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