Exam

Question 1

In what cortical layer would you find mostly axons?

Answer 1

Layer I

Question 2

Inhibitory granule cells release primarily what neurotransmitter?

Answer 2

GABA

Question 3

In the human cerebral cortex the largest percentage of cortical tissue produce movements when electrically stimulated

Answer 3

False

Question 4

which cortical association area is associated with executive functions of behavior?

Answer 4

prefrontal association area

Question 5

norepinephrine projections to widespread cortical areas, originates primarily from which of the following areas?

Answer 5

locus ceruleus

Question 6

most incoming sensory signals terminate in what cortical layer?

Answer 6

layer IV

Question 7

the major efferent output from cortex to the spinal cord originate from which cells?

Answer 7

pyramidal cells

Question 8

cortical neurons in the association areas can change their functions as functional demand changes

Answer 8

true

Question 9

cortical neurons that fire, when we observe somebody doing something that helps us relate to what they are doing and perhaps is important in our acquiring those motor skills describes which of the following neurons?

Answer 9

mirror neurons

Question 10

what pathway is important in emotional response transfer between anterior portions of right and left temporal lobes?

Answer 10

anterior commissure

Question 11

what is the normal function of cells in the orbital frontal cortex?

Answer 11

function as an error detector, fire when expectation not met

Question 12

most left handed individuals have the following cortical dominance?

Answer 12

left

Question 13

in individuals that have their corpus callosum (split brain) cut, the left hemisphere tends to match objects based on which of the following criteria?

Answer 13

function

Question 14

in individuals that have their corpus callosum (split brain) cut, the right hemisphere tends to match objects based on which of the following criteria?

Answer 14

apperance

Question 15

after identification of a face, projections from the fusiform gyrus to which area allow us to gage the emotional significance, if any, of what has been identified?

Answer 15

amygdala

Question 16

after Phineas Gage recovered which of the following statements is true?

Answer 16

made a full physical recovery, but personality altered

Question 17

which of the following is not associated with a prefrontal lobotomy?

Answer 17

increased level of aggressiveness

Question 18

normally what allows the bulk of information transfer between cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 18

corpus callosum

Question 19

in most people the right cortex is actually dominate for which of the following functions?

Answer 19

non-verbral visual experiences

Question 20

what is on function of the ventromedial region of the frontal lobe?

Answer 20

processing of emotion

Question 21

one major side effect electroconvulsive shock therapy for depression is which of the following?

Answer 21

memory loss

Question 22

the size of a cortical cell body correlates best with which of the following?

Answer 22

length of its axon

Question 23

every cubic inch of cerebral cortex has about how many miles of nerve fibers in it?

Answer 23

10,000

Question 24

which of the following areas is most important in declarative/reflective/episodic memory function?

Answer 24

hippocampus

Question 25

which area is important in reflexive learning or memory, i.e. physical skills repeated over and over

Answer 25

cerebellum

Question 26

the hippocampus receives its primary input from the entorhinal cortex via which two pathways?

Answer 26

alveolar and perforant

Question 27

which of the following areas promotes more flexible associations with memory function, i.e. recognizing a business colleague at the grocery store

Answer 27

hippocampus

Question 28

in memory, the links between individual neurons, which bind them into a single memory are formed through which process?

Answer 28

long term potentiation

Question 29

what maintains long term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal neurons and is thought to be important in consolidation of memory?

Answer 29

protein kinase M zeta

Question 30

Habituation

Answer 30

decrease in response to repetitive benign stimulus

Question 31

Sensitization

Answer 31

seen following a noxious stimulus

Question 32

Imitative learning

Answer 32

important in acquisition of language

Question 33

innervated cells release what substances that promote proper innervation of those cells?

Answer 33

nerve growth factors

Question 34

what are controls the overall level of cortical activity, is excitatory, and a lesion here will likely result in coma?

Answer 34

reticular formation of the pons

Question 35

following his hippocampal removal, what memory function is still intact?

Answer 35

reflexive memory

Question 36

which of the following neurotransmitters is not associated with wakefulness?

Answer 36

serotonin

Question 37

strong stimulation in the central gray surrounding the aqueduct of sylvius is associated with which of the following?

Answer 37

unpleasant feeling

Question 38

norepinephrine

Answer 38

locus ceruleus

Question 39

dopamine

Answer 39

substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

Question 40

acetylcholine

Answer 40

magnocellular nucleus

Question 41

serotonin

Answer 41

nuclei of raphe

Question 42

glutamate

Answer 42

intralaminar area of thalamus

Question 43

which of the following areas exert control over both, SNS and parasympathetic nervous system, as well as the pituitary gland?

Answer 43

hypothalamus

Question 44

stimulation in this area will cause an animal to stop the undesired behavior?

Answer 44

central gray around the aqueduct of Sylvius

Question 45

what are the two basic emotional states?

Answer 45

conservation and arousal

Question 46

which hypothalamic nuclei when stimulated is associated with rage, fighting, thirst.

Answer 46

lateral hypothalamus

Question 47

satiety and tranquility is associated with stimulation of what hypothalamic nucleus/area?

Answer 47

ventralmedial nucleus

Question 48

which area of the cortex functions as a gutter, which highly processed sensory signals drain into after complex sensory processing?

Answer 48

hippocampus

Question 49

increased sympathetic nervous system activity has what effect on production of antibodies?

Answer 49

inhibits

Question 50

lymphocytes possess receptors for neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and acetylcholine

Answer 50

true

Question 51

what pituitary gland hormone can counteract the fever producing effects of IL-1?

Answer 51

alpha MSH

Question 52

after injury, IL-1 stimulates the synthesis and secretion of which of the following?

Answer 52

nerve growth factor

Question 53

spinal cord injury patients have decreased functions of which of the following?

Answer 53

NK cells, T cells, cellular adhesion molecules (CAM's)

Question 54

which of the following anterior pituitary hormones can stimulate lymphocyte proliferation and antibody synthesis?

Answer 54

growth hormone, prolactin

Question 55

beta endorphins inhibit/stimulate the activity of T, B and NK cells

Answer 55

stimulate

Question 56

experimentally if two adjacent digits are sewn together, the following might be expected to occur?

Answer 56

cortical reorganization, whereby the two digits cannot be controlled individually

Question 57

in mice who were immobilized, and given the vaccinia virus, what treatment prevented the high mortality normally seen with these stressors

Answer 57

PM melatonin injection

Question 58

in neonatal mice thymectomy causes which of the following?

Answer 58

increased number of degranulated acidophilic cells in the anterior pituitary

Question 59

in old mice, what restores thymic capacity to produce thymulin?

Answer 59

L-thyroxine

Question 60

compare the regenerative capacity in the PNS vs. the CNS

Answer 60

PNS > CNS

Question 61

in the adult human where has neurogenesis been shown to occur?

Answer 61

hippocampus

Question 62

the cerebral cortex has the capacity to reorganize itself in the face of reduced or enhanced afferent input

Answer 62

true

Question 63

what effect does removal of the pituitary gland have on the body's ability to mount a local inflammatory response to a chemical applied to the skin?

Answer 63

decreases

Question 64

what is a source of GABAergic projections that inhibit the ventral tegmental area?

Answer 64

nucelus accumbens

Question 65

what is the major source of dopaminergic projections in the pleasure circuit of the rat?

Answer 65

ventral tegmental area

Question 66

In the brain, what cells are coupled together via gap junctions and forms a functional syncytium that allows for the spread of calcium waves?

Answer 66

astrocytes

Question 67

what glia are involved in pH regulation in the brain

Answer 67

Oligodendrocytes

Question 68

astrocytes both synthesize and uptake neurotransmitters from the ECF in the brain

Answer 68

true

Question 69

bilateral ablation of the amygdala is associated with

Answer 69

loss of fear, increased sex drive, excessive tendency to examine objects orally, changes in dietary habits

Question 70

with regards to a typical night's sleep

Answer 70

slow wave sleep is interrupted by increasing periods of REM, in REM sleep most skeletal muscle is in a paralysis state, a person usually awakens spontaneously from REM

Question 71

REM-off cells which become silent during REM, are associated with which of the following nuclei?

Answer 71

locus ceruleus

Question 72

stimulation of which of the following is sleep promoting?

Answer 72

anterior hypothalamic preoptic region

Question 73

which of the following functions as a sleep modulating center

Answer 73

nucleus basalis (Meynert)

Question 74

lesions in the what nuclei will initially produce insomnia?

Answer 74

raphe nucleus

Question 75

during what sleep stage is the cortical EEG highly desynchronized and similar to being awake?

Answer 75

REM

Question 76

eyes open

Answer 76

asynchrony

Question 77

what prostaglandin which is highly concentrated in the preoptic nucleus and induces both slow wave and REM sleep?

Answer 77

PGD 2

Question 78

how can sleep deprivation promote fat storage?

Answer 78

lack of sleep decreases growth hormone levels, a powerful lipolytic agent

Question 79

a sort of paralysis normally occurs during REM sleep, to keep you from physically acting out dreams, which is reflected by which of the following changes?

Answer 79

30% increase in rheobase in motor neurons

Question 80

stimulation of what nerve may be effective at preventing seizures?

Answer 80

vagus

Question 81

how could chiropractic intervention most likely decrease incidence of seizures?

Answer 81

by decreasing abnormal nerve traffic into the CNS

Question 82

stimulation of GABA receptors have what effect?

Answer 82

open Cl- channels