exam 4 Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
Long standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways
A
Personality
2
Q
3 structures of personality
A
Id, Superego, Ego
3
Q
first structure of personality, focused on satisfying basic drives/instincts (sex and aggression), contains most primitive urges and desires, present from birth (not learned) and completely unconscious, pleasure principle: seek to maximize pleasure and minimize pain
A
Id
4
Q
moral branch of personality, what it believes to be right and wrong, does have some contact with reality but it doesn’t consider reality, punishments given by parents at a young age is what helps our it develop
A
Superego
5
Q
deals with demands of reality, executive branch, operates on the reality of principle, mediates relationship between id and superego, “how can we meet the demands of the id without getting in trouble”
A
Ego
6
Q
accidentally saying something, something from the unconscious mind comes out in our conscious speech
A
Freudian slip
7
Q
repression, projection, displacement, sublimation
A
defense mechanisms
8
Q
underlies all defense mechanisms, pushes unacceptable thoughts back to unconsciousness
A
Repression
9
Q
attributed to unacceptable impulse of yours onto someone else
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Projection
10
Q
take out an unacceptable impulse on someone else, usually taken out on someone less powerful
A
Displacement
11
Q
turn an unacceptable impulse into something socially acceptable
A
Sublimation
12
Q
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
A
5 psychosexual stages of development
13
Q
birth-18 months, pleasure is centered on the mouth(chewing, sucking, biting), over or under gratified you becomes preoccupied with putting things in your mouth
A
Oral
14
Q
18 months-3 years, process of eliminating waste through the anus, over gratified=too controlling(anal retentive), under gratified=messy and unbothered
A
Anal
15
Q
3-6 years, focus on genitals, kids understand difference between male and female
A
Phallic
16
Q
6 years-puberty, intellectual and social skills develop, sexual urges are repressed
A
Latency
17
Q
Puberty-adulthood, sexual awakening
A
Genital
18
Q
locked in that stage, if we don’t resolve conflict at one stage we become fixated, can move onto next stage but you bring challenges with you
A
fixation
19
Q
stage that boys desire to replace their fathers and want mothers all to themselves
A
Oedipus Complex
20
Q
driven to compensate for feeling inferior, emphasized importance of social connections that we need to meet
A
individual psychology and inferiority complex
21
Q
sex not important, believed we have collective unconscious as a society
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archetypes and collective unconscious
22
Q
universal themes, emotionally laden images and ideas
A
archetypes
23
Q
first woman trained as a psychoanalyst under Freud, emphasized social factors, pushed back against gender bias
A
Karen Horney
24
Q
reciprocal determinism, locus of control model, situationism, self-actualization, self-concept
A
self cognitive theory of personality
25
personality and environment interact, observational learning, self-efficacy, our level of confidence in our own abilities to accomplish a goal or task
Bandura's model of reciprocal determinism
26
focused on personal control, locus of control, our beliefs about the power we have over our lives, internal locus of control=you control your environment, external locus of control=you are controlled by the environment/external factors
Julian Rotter's locus of control model
27
proposed that personality varies by context
Walter Mischel's situationism
28
the motivation to maximize our full potential as a human being, believed this was our highest need
Maslow's self-actualization
29
all of your thoughts and feelings about yourself, real self vs ideal self
Carl Rogers' self concept
30
identical twins weather raised together or apart have very similar personalities
biological approach to personality
31
Cardinal, Central, Secondary
3 categories of traits to describe personality
32
trait that dominates your personality
Cardinal
33
usually 5-8 traits that describe our personality
Central
34
preferences and attitudes
Secondary
35
Emotional instability/neuroticism, extraversion, openness to new experiences, conscientiousness
The Big 5 personality factors
36
self-report inventories, MMPI-2, Projective tests
personality assessments
37
condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, behaviors
psychological disorder
38
interaction between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
Biopsychosocial model
39
excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, related disturbances in behavior
anxiety disorder
40
excessive, distressing, and persistent fear of something specific
specific phobia
41
extreme and persistent fear of social situations
social anxiety disorder
42
recurring sudden onset of intense fear
panic disorder
43
continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless activity
generalized anxiety disorder
44
intrusive, unwanted thoughts(obsessions) that won't go away that they are worried about and so they will engage in repetitive, ritualistic behavior to prevent what they're afraid of
OCD
45
preoccupied with a perceived flaw in physical appearance
Body dysmorphia disorder
46
exposure to a traumatic event
PTSD
47
depression without mania
Major depressive disorder
48
more chronic depression with fewer symptoms, 2 years or longer
persistent depressive disorder
49
symptoms of depression only during particular part of the year
seasonal pattern depression
50
alternating between depression and mania
bipolar depression
51
lower functioning in prefrontal cortex, elevated amygdala activity, abnormalities in serotonin and norepinephrine
biological causes of mood disorders
52
major disturbances in thought processes
schizophrenia
53
excess or distortion of normal functions (hallucinations, delusions, abnormal motor behavior)
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
54
restriction or loss of normal functions related to schizophrenia
negative symptoms
55
disorganized/incoherent thinking related to schizophrenia
cognitive symptoms
56
abundance of dopamine, enlarged ventricles, small frontal cortex, less frontal lobe activity
biological explanations of schizophrenia
57
combination of bio-genetic predisposition and stress(stressful event triggers schizophrenia)
diathesis-stress model
58
sudden loss of memory or change in identity
dissociative disorders
59
extreme memory loss
dissociative amnesia
60
depersonalization(feeling of an out-of-body experience), derealization(feelings of being in a fog or dream)
depersonalization/derealization disorder
61
2 or more distinct personalities
dissociative identity disorder
62
chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns, often impairs social functioning
personality disorders
63
instability in relationships, mood and self image, impulsive, insecurity, feeling more emotional
borderline personality disorder
64
irresponsible, reckless, aggressive individuals, engage in crime/law breaking activity, lack of conscience and show no regard for others
antisocial personality disorder
65
helps individuals recognize, define, and overcome psychological difficulties
psychotherapy
66
analyzing unconscious thoughts
psychoanalytic
67
a person says aloud whatever comes to mind
free association
68
occurs when a person transfer emotions form another relationship to the analyst, this can include feelings of love, rage, distrust
transference
69
when a person utilizes unconscious strategies that block the therapist from understanding that person's problems
resistance
70
analyst's suggestions of underlying wishes, feelings and conflicts
interpretation
71
therapist interprets the hidden meaning of dreams
dream analysis
72
typically used with children, children will utilize toys to play out their hopes, fantasies and traumas and a therapist will use observations to understand the roots of a child's disturbed behavior
play therapy
73
uses concepts of learning to change undesirable behavior
behavior therapy
74
patient is exposed to the object or situation that causes their problem
exposure therapy
75
undesirable behavior is paired with unpleasant stimulus, therapists can utilize nausea-inducing symptoms, bad tastes and electric shocks to get rid of undesirable behaviors
aversive conditioning
76
methods that are designed to reinforce desirable behaviors and punish unwanted behaviors
applied behavior analysis
77
behavior modification system in which behaviors are reinforce with tokens that can be traded in for desired rewards
token economy
78
attempts to change feelings and behaviors by changing cognition
cognitive therapy
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Beck's cognitive therapy
1. Acknowledge association between thoughts and feelings
2. pinpoint dysfunctional thoughts
3. challenge dysfunctional thoughts
4. substitute in functional thoughts
80
allows clients to analyze how their thoughts affect their behavior
cognitive behavioral therapy
81
creates warm and therapeutic relationship through following components
client-centered therapy
82
only listening without giving interpretations or pointing client into any directions
active listening
83
therapist mirrors client's feelings back to the client by echoing, reinstating and seeking clarification
reflective speech
84
accepting client for who they are and never disapproving of client, creating a warm and caring environment
unconditional positive regard
85
therapists think one particular kind of therapy works best
single therapy
86
therapists look beyond one form of therapy and see what can be learned form other therapies
integrative therapy
87
anti-anxiety drugs
calming effect, reduce anxiety by making a person less excitable
88
antidepressant drugs
regulate mood
89
reduce responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli, tardive dyskinesia
antipsychotic drugs
90
transfer of treatment from inpatient mental hospital to outpatient care
deinstitutionalization
91
shock treatment, used to treat severely depressed individuals and useful for short-term treatment of major depression or bipolar depression
electrconvulsive therapy
92
magnetic fields stimulate nerve cells in brain
transcranial magnetic stimulation
93
alters brain's electrical circuitry
deep brain stimulation
94
client and clinician meet one-on-one, typically weekly or every other week
individual therapy
95
cost effective therapy with shorter process, provides social context
group therapy
96
group therapy with family members
family therapy
97
therapy for two people in an intimate relationship
couples therapy
98
examines how people impact one another, studies topics in interpersonal and intrapersonal levels
social psychology
99
behavior is determined by the situation
situationism
100
behavior is determined by internal factors
dispositionism
101
traits are more important than situations, when explaining someone else's actions, overestimate the importance of traits and underestimate the importance of situation
Fundamental attribution error
102
belief that positive qualities cluster together
halo effect
103
attributing other people's behavior to internal factors and attributing our own behavior to situational factors
actor-observer bias
104
the person's character caused the event, condition or result
internal/external causes
105
causes are difficult to change and unstable causes can be changed
stable/unstable causes
106
person can control the cause: cause is beyond person's control
controllable/uncontrollable
107
attribute success to internal factors and failures to external factors
self-serving bias
108
belief that people get the outcomes they deserve
just-world hypothesis
109
early information weighs more heavily that later information
primacy effect
110
negative information is more important than positive information
negativity effect
111
pattern of behaviors that is expected of a person in a social situation
social roles
112
group's expectations of what is appropriate behavior for its members
social norms
113
person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a social setting
scripts
114
acting in a way to present the best qualities of yourself
impression management
115
making notes of the impressions you make on others
self-monitoring
116
our evaluation of a person idea or an object
attitudes
117
(dimension of attitude) involves positive or negative feelings, whether you like or dislike something
affective
118
(dimension of attitude) thoughts, beliefs, images aid a person in categorizing, processing, remembering things that they have attitudes about
cognitive
119
(dimension of attitude) acting in a way that is consistent with these feelings, how people show their beliefs and evaluate feelings
behavioral
120
psychological discomfort when there is conflict between our behaviors and attitudes; whenever people's behavior conflicts with their attitudes they feel uncomfortable
cognitive dissonance theory
121
creating inferences about our attitudes by looking at our behaviors, i've spent hours watching movies this year I must like movies
Bem's self-perception theory
122
begin by asking for something small and work up
foot-in-the-door
123
ask for something big and work down to something reasonable
door-in-the-face
124
the way behavior is influences by others, the lowest amount of social pressure applied
conformity
125
conforming to the group norm in order to fit in and be accepted by the group, this is the influence others have on us as we seek their approval or disapproval
normative social influence
126
conforming to the group because you believe the group is competent or correct
informational social influence
127
focused on the extent of which an individual will obey an authority figure
milgram's classic obedience
128
groups make more risky decisions in comparison to individual decisions
risky shift
129
making original group attitude stronger after spending time discussing it
group polarization
130
the concept of people in a group reinforcing one another and seeking concurrence and group cohesiveness rather than analyzing choices and reasoning
groupthink
131
performance improves in the presence of others, we perform at out best when we know we are being watched
social facilitation
132
a person exerts less effort in a group
social loafing
133
being in a group leads to feeling of anonymity and leads to a sense of decrease in accountability
deindividuation
134
actions directed against a group member
discrimination
135
the way in which er define ourselves in relation to group membership
social identity
136
we associate with a certain group and contrast ourselves with others
social identity theory
137
preferences for the group you are in over other groups
in-group bias
138
motivated by feelings of anger with the intent to inflict pain
hostile
139
motivated by reaching a goal but does not necessarily involve the intention of inflicting pain
instrumental
140
unselfish interest in helping others; you help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of providing said help
altruism
141
the tendency for a bystander to be less likely to help of others are present
bystander effect
142
giving to another person to ensure reciprocity
egoism
