exam 4 Flashcards
(213 cards)
1
Q
what are the two components of performance in swine
A
genetic ability
environment (neutron, health, facilities, etc)
2
Q
what makes up the phenotype
A
genetics and environment
3
Q
give some examples of paternal swine breeds
A
hampshire
duroc
Poland china
spotted
berkshire
pie train
4
Q
give some examples of maternal swine breeds
A
hereford
large black
landrace
Chester white
large white
yorkshire
5
Q
describe Hampshires
A
good muscling
used in crossbreeding
small liter size (>12)
6
Q
describe durocs
A
rugged, meaty, and fast growth
males are used in crossbreeding
problems with crosses
7
Q
describe Yorkshires
A
large liters
not great muscling
8
Q
describe Chester whites
A
genetically similar to durocs
slow growth
fatty
durable
9
Q
what are white coat good for in swine
A
helps see imperfections on the carcass
10
Q
describe landraces
A
long bodies
large liter
large floppy ears
11
Q
define prolific
A
large liter production
12
Q
describe Poland chinas
A
black with white points
similar body to Chester white
13
Q
describe spotted
A
derived from Poland china since coloration is too complex
progressive in improvements
14
Q
describe berkshire
A
stubby upturned nose
black and white
similar to duroc
fine meat and fatness
desired for Japanese pork trade
15
Q
describe pietrain
A
heavily muscled
carry gene of high muscle and PSS
d
16
Q
define PSS
A
porcine stress syndrome, which produces pale soft excitative meat
17
Q
describe large black
A
British
analogous to large white
18
Q
describe Hereford
A
similar coloration to cattle
19
Q
describe meishan
A
originated in china
reach puberty at 3 months old
large liter
20
Q
what is the main goal of genetic programs
A
not letting inferior genetics into the gene pool
21
Q
what is the best way to get maximum performance
A
using the correct mating system
22
Q
define genetic supplier
A
many companies to choose from
23
Q
define breeds/lines
A
excel in important traits
24
Q
selection differential=
A
mean of individual/mean of population
25
which levels does selection occur at
nucleus (ggp)
multiplier (gp)
commercial (p)
26
what do mating systems do
match management preferences
maximize heterosis
breed complementarity
27
define NBA (number born alive)
salable items produced by sow
28
define LWT21 (21 day liter weight)
producers sell weaned pigs based on this
29
define D250
how long a pig will stay in the facility
30
define BF10
percent of lean in a carcass which is salable for consumption
31
what is used to determine if a trait is correctly measured
accuracy and repeatability
heritability and rate improvement
sufficient variation
32
define equal opportunity
no animal receives preferential treatment
33
define systemic measurement
takes measurements in the same way at the same time of every animal
34
define environmental adjustment
parity, season, test weight
35
define parity
amount of times an animal has been tested for a trait
36
what does STAGES stand for
swine testing and genetic evaluation system
37
what breeds does the national swine registry deal with? why?
duroc, Hampshire, landrace, and Yorkshire
it is 2 paternal and 2 maternal breeds
38
what weight are pigs scanned at? how often?
250 lb
every 3-4 weeks
39
what does post-weaning weight look at
weight, backfat, and loin muscle in boars, gilts, and barrows
40
what are stage program components
pedigree
performance measurement program
EBV estimate program
public access to genetic ranking
41
what is contained in the data procedures
pedigree info
date farrowed
NBA
number after transfer
21 day liter weight
42
define purebreeding
used at the nucleus level and some at the multiple level
43
what does inbreeding cause
immediate impact
44
outbreeding is used ______ in swine
often
45
what breeding method is the most often used in swine
outbreeding
46
define crossbreeding
used at the multiplication and commercial level
47
what does the selection system depend on
health of herd
management level
cost
48
what is the system goal for swine
increase heterosis
49
define heterosis
gives herds an advantage
50
define conception rates
whether or not a female is bred
51
define NBA
limits amount of pigs that can be sold
52
define longevity
how long a sow remains in the breeding herd
53
define and describe PSE
pale soft and exudative
paralyzed hind leg
seen in piglets
54
define atresia ani
no anus or rectum
55
what makes up PSS
Napoleon (RN) and halothane (HAL)
56
define and describe RN
renderment napole
inherited at one locus
reduces pH of muscle and increases ham and loin
57
define and describe HAL
mutation on chromosome 6, nucleotide 1843
increased lean meat, PSE, and PSS
58
what does PSS do
causes the animal the inability to adapt to stress
59
what does N and n represent
N- normal
n- recessive
60
NN-
Nn-
nn-
normal
carrier
mutant
61
how many carriers produce inferior muscle pork quality
30-50%
62
what is the best way to help with pork quality issues
culling HAL-postive pigs
63
what does PSS produce
watery, chewy, and undesirable meat
64
who was the first to have stress free herds
the American Yorkshire club
65
define biotechnology
applying biological knowledge to practical needs
66
what does biotechnology do
makes it easier to breed animals
67
what are the two categories of animal breeding perspectives
reproductive technologies
molecular technologies
68
what are reproductive technologies
AI
Estrous synchronization
embryo transfer
sex control
cloning
69
define sex control
determining sex of the embryo
70
define cloning
similar to asexual reproduction
71
what are molecular technologies?
DNA fingerprinting
gene transfer
72
define DNA fingerprinting
unique to every individual
73
what does the impact of biotechnology depend on
effectiveness
practicality
cost
public perception
74
what are reproductive technologies
animal breeding- branch of genetics
reproduction- aspect of physiology
75
how can semen be used
fresh, cool, or frozen
76
what are the advantages of AI
use of an excellent sires sperm
easier to control
pretty affordable
77
what are the disadvantages of AI
not always easy or practical
females must be in heat
movement to a breeding area
properly inseminate at the correct time
78
define estrous synchronization
hormones are used to induce females to come into heat at the same time, but reduces the number of days to inseminate
79
what does PGF2a do? what is it?
prostaglandin
it regresses CL and decrease in progesterone synthesis
80
what is GnRH and what does it do
gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
ovulation/luteinization of growing follicle
81
define progestogen
negative feedback on the hypothalamus by blocking LH and FSH
82
what can there be difficulty to finding candidates for embryo transfer
limited data
83
what are problems for genetic evaluation
traits with maternal effects
recips usually are not high quality animals
84
______ ________ is to females as __ is to males
embryo transfer; AI
85
what are the 9 steps of ET
1. super ovulate donor using gonadotropins
2. AI 5 days after initiating super ovulation
3. nonsurgical retrieval of embryos 6-8 days after AI
4. foley catheter for recovery of embryos
5. isolation and classification of embryos
6. storage of embryos into liquid nitrogen or room temp
7. transfer embryos to recips surgically or nonsurgically
8. pregnancy diagnosis 1-3 months later via palpation
9. birth
86
define in vitro
egg is incubated, matured, and fertilized in a lab (test tube)
87
how are oocytes collected
aspiration of the reproductive tract
88
describe the steps of the basic principle of IVF
Female- hormone treatment, harvest of ovum, mature ovum
male- natural ejaculation, collect semi, motile sperm
both- mixed in a test tube, embryo development, transfer to mother
89
what are used to harvest eggs
ultra-sound guided aspiration
laparoscopy
90
define laparoscopy
minimal invasive surgery using a thin tube through the stomach to look at the abdominal or pelvic organs
91
when are embryos usually transferred
at the 8-cell stage or blastocyst stage
92
what are some advantages of in vitro
increased possible pregnancies
eggs can be collected from the same donor in short intervals
doesn't have to be at a certain stage of estrous cycle
no need to super ovulate donor females
decreases GI
eggs are collected from young, prepubertal females to mature, fertilize, and transfer
93
what are the disadvantages of in vitro
expensive
success rate is lower
abnormalities of offspring
94
define sex control
the ability to determine the sex of the embryo by physically removing a few cells and examining chromosomes
95
what is the Y-specific DNA probe
detects the Y chromosome
96
what is Y-specific DNA primer
20-22 nucleotides long that causes DNA replication
97
define sperm sorting
determining and operating male and female sex chromosomes
98
what is the problem with sperm sorting
too slow to be commercially viable
99
define flow cytometry
measurement of cells as the flow by a detector
100
what makes a large difference in X and Y chromosomes
the X chromosome have about 4% more DNA that Y-chromosome
101
what is the fluorescent dye used in flow cytometry
hoescht 33342
102
what are the 6 steps of flow cytometry
1. semen is dyed with hoescht 33342 which binds to dna and makes it fluorescent
2. Since X is larger, it will absorb more dye
3. UV light will show that X shines brighter than Y
4. spermatozoa are encased in a single droplet and pass through the flow cytometer in single file
5. spermatozoa are assigned an electrical charge (X=positive; Y=negative)
6. stream of x and y droplets are separated by electrostatic collect tubes for subsequent analysis
103
what does new technology allow for in sexing semen? when did this first occur?
the ability to separate X and Y sperms in 1980
104
when did sexed semen become available
2004
105
what are the results of sexed semen
a 90% accuracy to produce desired sex
AI companies pack less sperm, since dead/abnormal ones are sorted out
semen is commercially available
106
where was sexed semen first used
in the dairy industry
107
what does sex choice depend on
herd genetics and marketing programs
108
what are three reasons for sexing semen
one sex is more valuable than the other (meat or milk)
better economics
crossbreeding systems
109
define cloning
technology for the production of genetically identical individuals
110
define embryo splitting
a form of small scale cloning
cuts embryos in half to produce twin embryos
111
what does embryo splitting do
improves the efficiency of embryo transferring compared to cloning
112
where do eggs mature in during cloning by nuclear transplantation
in vitro
113
define enucleated
nuclei are surgically removed
114
define cloning by nuclear transplantation
individual cells from a multi-cell embryo are inserted into cleaned out ova to produce multiple identical embryos
115
how is cloning performance measured
progeny testing
statistical analysis
shortened GI
116
what are benefits of cloning
a big jump in genetic merit
increased uniformity
variation comes from environment
increased accuracy of selection
117
what are problems with cloning
loss of genetic variation
susceptibility to pathogens or environmental stress
time consuming
abnormal newborns
many die
expensive
118
when was dolly cloned
1996
119
where was dolly cloned
the Roslin institute
120
how many attempts were tried to clone dolly
277
121
what tissue was used to clone dolly
mammary tissue
122
when the dolly die
2003
123
how does cloning adult animals happen
insert mature, differentiated cells into the ovum
somatic cells will produce different types of tissue
124
what do telomeres do?
unravel on the chromosome
specialized terminal structures on chromosomes that ensure the maintenance and accurate replication of chromosomes
125
describe the ten steps of cloning the ewe
1. a ewe provides the mammary cell to be cloned
2. mammary cells contain copies of all genes for proteins required by mammary cells are active
3. cells grow and divide, then get deprived of nutrients and become dormant to activate genes
4. another/same ewe provides an egg
5. egg is preserved in a laboratory dish
6. nucleus is dislodged from the egg
7. mammary cell and nucleus are blended with electricity; molecules in the egg program the genes in the mammary cell to engender the embryo
8. clusters of embryonic cells are grown
9. embryos are implanted into a surrogate mother
10. the resulting lamb is a clone of the donor ewe
126
what causes a lot of controversies in cloning
what is done with the other embryos (leave them with the company or take them home)
127
define somatic cell nuclear transfer
technique for creating an ovum with donor nucleus
128
when is SCNT used
embryonic stem cell research
therapeutic cloning
reproductive cloning
129
what are limitations of SCNT
stresses on the egg and nucleus
high loss in resulting cells
can only be done manually
130
what is a major controversy with SCNT
an appropriate source of ovum that are needed
131
define same sex mating
mating individuals of the same sex using transplantation and embryo transfer
132
define nuclear fusion
artificial fertilization combined the nuclei of two gametes
133
if same sex mating works, what could it increase
selection accuracy and intensity `
134
what could malexmale produce
2 males (XY)
1 female (XX)
1 nonviable (YY)
135
define selfing
mating individuals to themselves
136
meiosis I does/does not separate sister chromatids
does not
137
define hardy Weinberg
the genotypic frequencies in terms of phenotypes
138
what type of cross(es) is AaBbxaabb
dihybrid
test
139
define genetic code
3 consecutive bases on mRNA that specifies an amino acid
140
define over dominance
heterozygotes are superior to both homozygotes
141
define variable expressivity
can be broken down into grades, like skin tones
142
define population
group of individuals within a specie
can be inbred and share a common gene pool
143
define breeding value
most important genetic parameter for an individual
144
define correlation
X+Y=Y+X
unitless
-1 to
145
define correlation
X+Y=Y+X
unitless
-1 to 1 range
146
define nonrandom mating
portion of individuals that deviate from HW
can be bred based on genotype or phenotype
147
define inbreeding depression
opposite of heterosis
results from poor GCV
148
what do not use crossbreeding
commercial cow calf
dairy
149
define genetic correlation
measures strength between BV of one trait and BV of another trait
150
define specific combining ability
measures how well 2 breeds compliment each other for a specific trait
151
define positive assertive mating
the best male is mated with the best female for a specific trait
152
define identical by descent
animals with the same alleles as an ancestor
153
define line breeding
mating system where genes of a common ancestor is concentrated in an individual
154
define breed compilation
combining desired characteristics of 2+ breeds into the same offspring
155
define expected progeny difference
combines all information known about an individual and its relative to create a genetic profile
156
define identical by state
individuals look alike but are not related
157
define prepotency
ability of parent to impress heredity character on its progeny to increase homozygosity
158
define inbreeding coefficient
probability that 2 alleles at a locus in an individual are identical by decent
159
pedigree is/is not used for high h2
is not
160
define BLUP
method of genetic selection with performance data from diverse groups
extension of selection index
uses matrix algebra
161
define calpastation
marker associated with meat tenderness
162
define selection index
single number that predicts breeding value of an individual for a weighted combo of traits
163
define polymelia
developmental duplication in beeb with high embryonic death among homozygous recessive individuals with incomplete dominance
164
define performance testing
systematic collection of comparative production info on an individual
165
define selection intensity
selection differential measured in phenotypic standard deviation units of selected traits
166
define bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy
darn disease where animals show bilateral hind leg weakness between 6-18 months old
167
define BLAD
dairy disease where animals have soft tissue, fever, low appetite, pneumonia, and diarrhea
168
what are types of molecular technologies
DNA fingerprinting
PCR
MHM
169
describe DNA fingerprinting
unique to every animal
DNA is extracted from blood or tissue
and is placed in gel
170
define polymorphic
at least 2 alternative alleles occurring in the population
171
define electrophoresis
separates macromolecules based on size, change, and properties
172
define PCR
polymerase chain reaction
173
what are the three steps of PCR
denaturation step @ 94ºC
annealing step @ 60ºC
elongation step @ 72ºC
174
where does PCR start
the thermal cycler
175
what gel is used in PCR
interferon alpha
176
which alleles move the furthest
the short ones
177
what does a PCR create
a barcode-like pattern
178
define MHM
marker-assisted mating is linkable to performance
179
what does MHM do
determines the best bull for insemination
180
define predicting hybrid vigor
less related individuals will have greater hybrid vigor in offspring
genetic merit is evaluated in EPD forms
181
define marker-assisted selection
selecting for a specific allele/alleles at a linked locus
182
define genetic markers
detectable genes or DNA fragments used to identify alleles at a linked locus
183
why are some alleles detectable
they produce distinguishable genotypes
184
define linkage analysis
mathematical process using information from specially bred populations to determine whether 2 loci are linked and how closely
185
define major gene effect
one gene may account for 50% of variation out of thousands
186
what are four types of markers
restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
microsatellites
single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
Copy number variation (CNV)
187
describe RFLP
extract and cut DNA
put in gel electrophoresis
insualize gel to identify alleles
188
describe micro satellites
small pieces of DNA that repeat (tandem repeats)
189
describe SNP
point mutation
generated by SNP
190
define GEBV
genomic estimated breeding value
191
describe CNV
copies specific DNA segments that vary between individuals
more reliable
seeing which animals have a certain number of copies
192
define gene transfer
transplantation of specific gene from one individual to another
193
define molecular pharming
moving genes from one animal into another to have them expressed
194
why is gene transferring a small process
only one copy is transferred at a time
takes many generations to spread
gene can end up anywhere in genome
195
define transgenic
individual that received genetic material by gene transfer
196
define genomic selection
study of how the genome of any species is organized and expressed as traits
197
what do new technologies allow for
examination of an organisms entire genome
198
what do SNP panels do
detect differences in genomes
199
what animals have federal support for genomics
cattle
sheep
swine
poulty
horses
aquaculture
200
what is the usage of genomic selection
helps determine disease resistance and production traits
animals are evaluated as soon as DNA is obtainable
parents of next generation can be determined earlier
201
what makes genomic selection slow
it takes 3-4 years to test production traits
the bull must be at least five to be evaluated
202
define genetic markers
segments of DNA at a unique location in the genome
203
what are the markers of choice
SNPs
204
what is the whole gene
bovine snp50
GWAS
fine mapping
gene discovery
allele variation
BV
OR
bovine snp50
WGS
BV
205
what is the 770k chip
illumina bovine HD
allows predictions to be less breed specific
206
where is genomic selection used most
dairy cattle
207
what are the four technologies of gene editing
meganucleases
zinc finger nucleases
transcription activator-like effector nucleases
CRISPR
208
define meganucleases
removing or adding a singular trait
209
define Zinc finger nucleases
targets 9 nucleotides
210
define transcription activator-like effector nuclease
targets 16-17 nucleotides
211
describe disease resistance
cattle can be genetically edited to resist mycobacterium bovis infection
212
describe improved performance
myostatin is cut out and causes a double muscling phenotype
213
describe animal welfare
gene editing holstein to be horn free
