final (ty ek!) Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
what is DNA
A
a polymer of nucleotide units bound together, end to end by weak hydrogen bonds
replicates prior to cell division during mitosis
2
Q
what does meiosis end in
A
for the male, 4 functional sperm cells
3
Q
describe RNA
A
mRNA carries the genetic information from DNA
involved in both transcription and translation
4
Q
describe gene linkage
A
crossing over involved the reciprocal exchange of chromosomes segments between homologs and may disrupt the linkage of two genes
recombination involves new allelic pairings of genes
5
Q
describe HW
A
an equilibrium law dealing with a large random mating population
a mathematical formula that describes genotypic frequencies in terms of phenotypes
6
Q
describe post-transcriptional RNA modifications
A
addition of 7-methyl cap
addition of poly a tail
splicing of introns
7
Q
what term represents 2pq in HWE
A
heterozygotes
8
Q
what is AaBbxaabb an illustration of
A
dihybrid cross
test cross
9
Q
what are benefits of alternative splicing
A
decreasing the chance for exon shuffling through recombination
generates different proteins from a single gene
10
Q
what are the 3 stop codons
A
UAA
UGA
UAG
11
Q
the inheritance of scurs is dominant in males and recessive in females
A
sex influenced
12
Q
parents with normal vision produce daughters that have normal vision, but if the dam is a carrier, half of the sons will be colorblind
A
sex linked
13
Q
An allele in horses gives rise to the Over coat color pattern, which involves white primarily on ventral surfaces of the horse. Homozygosity for the overo allele results in all white foals that suffer from aganglionosis of the large intestine and die within a few days of birth.
A
homozygous dominant lethality
14
Q
The three consecutive bases on the mRNA is a codon that specifies an amino acid. There are 64 codons in total and they code for the 20 amino acids.
A
genetic code
15
Q
A situation where heterozygotes is superior to both homozygotes in performance or disease resistance.
A
overdominance
16
Q
Xeroderma Pigmentosum in humans is controlled by a single autosomal gene. DD individuals are normal, Dd individuals have freckled skin, and dd individuals have freckled skin (especially the face) that ulcerates when exposed to UV light. The result is cancer of these areas, which is fatal to these individuals before reproductive age.
A
detrimental semilethal genotype
17
Q
The phenotypic effect of a gene at one locus is dependent on what allele is present at another locus.
A
additive gene epistasis
18
Q
Traits that are governed by genes of the autosomes and can only be expressed in one sex due to anatomical differences and have no penetrance or simply turned off in the other sex.
A
sex limited
19
Q
A relatively common form of congenital heart disease, conotruncal septum defects, is found in Keeshounds and can be divided into four different grades of increasing severity.
A
variable expressivity
20
Q
Group of individuals within a specie which potentially can interbreed and share a common gene pool.
A
population
21
Q
what happens if a strong negative change in mature weight is observed along with a strong positive change in meat tenderness
A
there’s a strong negative correlation
22
Q
what is the most important genetic parameter for an individual
A
breeding value
23
Q
the degree of heterosis in the offspring can is affected by what
A
genetic relationship of the parents
heritability value of the traits
24
Q
describe correlation
A
X and Y = Y and X
unitless
range from -1 to 1
25
describe nonrandom mating
expected proportion of homozygous and heterozygous individual deviates from HW
assignment of mate can be based of genetic relationship and phenotypic similarity
26
describe inbreeding depression
opposite of heterosis
results from poor gene combination value
27
describe Byx
regression of Y on X
variation in trait X influences the variation in trait Y
assumption of cause and effect
28
what are effects of outbreeding
increase in heterozygosity
29
what are examples of crossbreeding
commercial cow/calf
crossing inbred lines
crossing two different breeds
30
describe environmental correlation
measure of strength of relationship between environmental effects on traits
used for management purposes
31
describe heterosis
results from heterozygosity
gene combos are not transmitted to the progeny
32
Assume the average birth weight in a population is 75 lbs, the average weaning weight in a population is 400 lbs, and the phenotypic regression of weaning weight on birth weight is 2.75 lb per lb. If a calf’s birth weight is 77 lbs, then what is the estimated weaning weight for this calf?
405.5
33
The measure of strength between breeding value for one trait and breeding value for another trait.
gene correlation
34
The measure of how well two breeds compliments each other for a specific trait
specific combining ability
35
A mating system where the best male for a trait is mated to the best female for the same trait
positive assertive mating
36
Animals with same alleles and from a common ancestor are said to be
identical by decent
37
A system of mating where genes of a common ancestor is concentrated in an individual
like breeding
38
Mating purebred males to non-purebred females in an attempt to create a purebred population
top grading
39
Combining the desirable characteristic of 2 or more breeds (or lines) into the same offspring
breed complementation
40
Animal model which combine all information known about an individual and its relative to create a genetic profile of the animal’s merit used mainly in meat producing animals
epd
41
Expectation of a squared deviation from its mean
variation
42
The superiority of the offspring from outbred mating in comparison to the average phenotypic merit of offspring from purebred mating contributing to the cross
heterosis
43
Term used for alleles in individuals that happen to look alike but not traceable to a common ancestor
identical by state
44
The ability of the parent to impress its hereditary characters on its progeny because of increased homozygosity
prepotency
45
The probability that 2 alleles at a locus in an individual are identical by descent
inbreeding coefficient
46
what will the rate of genetic change with selection depend on
selection differential
generation interval
heritability
47
describe the accuracy of individual performance
based on individual record
the higher the heritability the greater the accuracy
accuracy equal the square root of h2
48
why is pedigree information a good source
valuable for traits expressed later in life
cheap
valuable for sex-limited traits
49
what is the major objective for progeny testing for a qualitative trait
help determine the likelihood that an animal is a carrier of a detrimental recessive allele
50
describe the independent culling method
minimum level in any trait is culled
animal must meet standard for each trait in order to be saved for breeding purposes
possibility of culling an animal that is outstanding in one trait
51
describe BLUP
method of genetic selection appropriate when performance data comes from diverse groups
extension of selection index
solution of equations using matrix algebra
52
describe across breed EPD adjustments
useful for commercial producers purchasing bulls to use for crossbreeding
accuracy of across breed EPD depends on accuracy of within breed EPD for the bull
useful in estimating divergence of birth weight EPD for bulls to breed to first calf heifers
53
what are some problems in determining heritability for horses
tremendous environmental variation
data bias
limited information which results from analyzing the best
54
in dairy, why is sire selection used
sure produce more progeny
AI allows for even larger progeny amount
lower cost associated with keeping few/no bulls
55
what does the beef infrastructure include
purebred
cow/calf
stocker
56
Average age of parents when the animals that will replace them in the flock or herd are born
generation interval
57
A selection method that selects for a single trait at a given time
tandem selection
58
A measure of how good and close a calculated estimate of an animal’s genetic value is compared to the unknown true genetic testing
accuracy
59
One of the markers associated with meat tenderness
calpastatin
60
A genetically similar group of animals born in a particular time period and raised under the same management and environmental condiditons
contemporary group
61
Changes in the ranking of performance of genotypes in different environments. For example, one genotype may perform the best in one environment and only average in another environment
genotype environment interaction
62
The evaluation of an individual’s genotype using the performance records of its progent
progeny test
63
The difference between the average for a trait in replacement animals and the average of the group from which the replacements were chosen
selection differential
64
A single himber that predicts the breeding value of an individual for a weighted combination of traits
selection index
65
A developmental duplication in beef cattle with high embryonic death among homozygous recessive individuals with incompoete penetrance
polymelia
66
An autosomal recessive gene that is usually selected against in beef cattle production which is categorized by severe lethal deformities in calves (rear legs with fused joints, large abdominal hernials, skull deformity)
tibial hemimelia
67
In equine selection, taking the fastest winning times at a particular distance for the past 3 years at a given track
speed index
68
An inherited disease in horses caused by a defect in voltage-gated sodium channels of muscle cells
hyperkaelmic periodic paralysis
69
A condition where foals cant efficiently store and metabolize glucose which leads to abnormal polysaccharides in cells
glycogen branching enzyme deficiency
70
An important trait of economic importance in sheep which relates live weight to carcass weight
dressing percentage
71
The systematic collection of comparative production information on an individual
performance testing
72
The selection differential measured in phenotypic standard deviation units of the selected trait. It is inversely proportional to the proportion of available replacements actually selected to be parents of the next generation
selection intensity
73
recorded trait that has been standardized for a given effect such as age or for environmental factors
adjusted trait
74
A collection of information that has been systematically organized for easy access and analysis
database
75
Refers to the ability of a breeding animal to remail in the breeding herd
stayability
76
Linear descriptive traits that can affect milk production in dairy cows
type trait
77
An inherited disease in dairy where the animal shows bilateral hind leg weakness between ages 6-18 months resulting in a weaving gait
bovine progressive degenerative myeleoncephalopathy
78
An inherited disease in dairy where animals have recurring soft tissues, fever, low appetite, chronic pneumonia, and diarrhea.
BLAD
79
what are the two components of performance for swine
genetic ability
environment
80
hampshire
classification
usage
paternal
good muscling
81
duroc
classification
usage
paternal
rugged, meaty, and quick growth
82
yorkshire
classification
usage
maternal
large litter
83
large white
classification
usage
maternal
similar to Yorkshire
84
chester white
classification
usage
maternal
similar to duroc, white coat
85
landrace
classification
usage
maternal
prolific
86
Poland china
classification
usage
paternal
black with white tips
87
spot
classification
usage
paternal
derived from Poland china for easier coloration
88
berkshire
classification
usage
paternal
fine meat and fatness
89
pietrain
classification
usage
paternal
carries PSS
90
large black
classification
usage
maternal
analogous to large white
91
hereford
classification
usage
maternal
similar coloration to the cattle
92
meishan
classification
usage
maternal
reach puberty in 3 months
93
what are the goals of genetic programs for swine
don't allow inferior genes into gene pool
correct systems for maximum performance
94
what are genetic resources for swine
genetic supplier- many choices
breeds/lines- choose lines that excel in important traits
95
what are mating systems used for in swine
matching management preferences
maximize heterosis
breed complementarity
96
number born alive
heritability
definition
low
salable items produced by a sow
97
21-day litter weight
heritability
definition
low
piglets are sold based on this number
98
days to 250
heritability
definition
moderate
how long pig will stay in facility
99
back fat 10
heritability
definition
moderate
percent of lean in carcass which is the salable production for consumption
100
define equal opportunity
no animal receives preferential treatment
101
define systemic measurement
take measurements in the same way at the same time for every animal
102
what are examples of environmental adjustments
parity, season, and test weight
103
define parity
amount of times an animal has been tested for a trait
104
define STAGES
swine testing and genetic evaluation system
105
what are the stage program components
pedigree
performance measurement program
EBV estimate program
public estimate program
106
describe PSE
pale soft and exudative meat
causes paralyzed hind leg
107
what causes PSS
napole (RN) and halothane (HAL)
108
what is PSS
it causes the animal the lack of ability to adapt to stress
109
which club was the first to have stress free herds
American Yorkshire club
110
define biotechnology
applying biological knowledge to practical needs
111
what are reproductive technologies
AI
estrous synchronization
embryo transfer
sex control
cloning
112
what are molecular technologies
DNA fingerprinting
gene transfer
113
what does biotech depend on
effectiveness
practicality
cost
public perception
114
describe AI
semen is collected from males, and can be used fresh, cooled, or frozen
115
what are advantages of AI
ability to use an excellent bulls sperm
easier to control
affordable
116
disadvantages of AI
not always easy/practical
have to have females in heat
must move to a breeding area
properly inseminate at the correct time
117
describe estrus synchronization
hormones are used to induce females into heat at the same time, which reduces the number of days to inseminate
118
what hormone are used for estrous synchronization
PGF2a (prostaglandin)- regresses CL and decreases progesterone synthesis
GnRH (gonadotrophin-releasing hormone)- ovulation/luteinization of a growing follicle
progestagen- negative feedback on hypothalamus by blocking LH and FSH
119
describe embryo transfer
collecting embryos from donor female to be transferred into recipients
120
what are the 9 steps of embryo transfer
1. super ovulate donor via gonadotrophin
2. AI five days after super ovulating
3. nonsurgical recovery of embryos 6-8 days later
4. foley catheter is used for recovery of embryos
5. isolation and classify embryos
6. storage of embryos (frozen or room temp time-dependent)
7. transfer embryos to recips
8. pregnancy diagnosis by palpation through the rectal wall 1-3 months after transfer
9. birth
121
describe the basic principle of IVF
female- hormone treatment, harvest ovum, mature ovum
male- natural ejaculation, collect semen, motile sperm
both- mix in a test tube, keep to develop embryo, transfer to mother
122
describe egg harvest
first uses an ultra-sound guided aspiration
then a laparoscopy, which is a slightly invasive surgery
123
when are embryos usually transferred
at the 8 cell/blastocyst stage
124
what are advantages of egg harvesting/in vitro
increased possibility of pregnancies
can collect many eggs from the same donor
no super ovulation
125
what are disadvantages of in vitro
expensive
success rate is lower
abnormalities occur in offspring
126
define sex control
ability to determine the sex of embryo by physically removing a few cells and examining the chromosomes
127
define sperm sorting
determine and operate male and female sex chromosomes
128
define flow cytometry
measures cells as the flow by a detector
129
what are the 6 steps for sex control
1. dye semen with Hoescht 33342 which binds to DNA
2. since X is larger than Y, it absorbs more dye
3. UV light shows X is brighter than Y
4. spermatozoa are encased in a single droplet of fluid and pass through the flow cytometer in single file
5. spermatozoa are assigned an electrical charge corresponding to its chromosome status
6. stream of X and Y droplets are separated by electrostatic collection tubes for subsequent analysis
130
what are reasons for sex control
one sex is more valuable than the other
better economics
crossbreeding systems
131
define cloning
technology for the production of genetically identical individuals
132
define embryo splitting
cutting the embryo in half to produce twin embryos
133
how are cloned animals measured
progeny tests
statistical analysis
shortened GI
134
what are benefits of cloning
increase genetic merit
increased uniformity and performance
observed variation due to the environment
increases accuracy of selection
135
what are problems with cloning
loss of genetic variation
susceptible to a pathogen
time consuming
abnormal offspring
expensive
a lot of death
136
describe the cloning process for an ewe
1. mammary cell is cloned
2. copies of all genes fro proteins required are active
3. cells grow, divide, and become dormant, and genes become activated
4. ewe provides eggs
5. egg is preserved on a lab disc
6. nucleus is dislodged from the egg
7. the mammary cell and nucleus are blended together
8. clusters of embryonic cells are grown
9. embryos are implanted into a surrogate mother
10. the resulting lamb is a clone of the donor ewe
137
define somatic cell nuclear transfer
technique for creating ovum with donor nucleus
138
where is SCNT used
embryonic stem cell research
therapeutic cloning
reproductive cloning
139
define same sex mating
mating same sex individuals using nuclear transplantation and embryo transfer
140
define nuclear fusion
artificial fertilization combines the nuclei of two gametes
141
define selfing
mating individuals to themselves
142
define polymorphic
at least 2 alternative alleles occur in the population
143
define PCR
polymerase chain reaction
144
what are the steps of PCR
denaturation @ 94ºC
annealing @ 60ºC
elongation @ 72ºC
145
define MHM
marker assisted mating
146
define linkage analysis
mathematical process using information from specially bred populations to determine whether 2 loci are linked and how closely
147
define genetic markers
detectable genes/DNA fragments used to identify alleles at a linked locus
148
define major gene effect
one gene may account for 50% of variation out of thousands
149
what are the four markers
RFLP
microsatillites
SNP
CNV
150
describe RFLP
uses a restriction enzyme to cut DNA
151
describe microsatillites
small pieces of DNA that repeat
152
describe SNP
point mutation
153
describe CNV
copies specific DNA segments that vary between individuals
154
define gene transfer
transplation of specific genes from one individual to another
155
define molecular pharming
moving genes from one animal into another
156
define transgenic
individual that received genetic material by gene transfer
157
define genomic selection
study of how the genome of any specie is organized and expressed
158
what animals are under federal support for genomics
cattle
sheep
swine
poultry
horses
aquaculture
159
what are usages of genomic selection
identify DNA sequences associated with disease resistance and production traits
animals can be evaluated as soon as DNA can be obtained
best animals to be parents are determined earlier in life
160
define genetic marker
segment of DNA at a unique location in the genome
161
what is the marker of choice
SNP
162
what is the 770K chip
Illumina bovine HD
allows the prediction to be less breed specific
163
what are the four types of gene editing? describe them
meganucleases- singular trait
zinc finger nucleases- targets 9 nucleotides
transcription activator-like effector nuclease- targets 16-17 nucleotides
CRISPR- makes a specific cut in the genome
164
what are the applications of gene editing? define them
disease resistance- cattle can be genetically edited to resist mycobacterium bovis infection
improved performance- myostatin is cut out and causes a double muscling phenotype
animal welfare- gene editing makes holsteins to be horn free
offspring sex- possible to determine fetus sex by looking at the egg
