Exam 4 Flashcards

Question

Hemoglobin A1C

Answer 1

tests the RBCs for how much glucose they have had in the past 90 days - RBCs live for 120 days >6.5% normal: <5.5%

Answer 2

idiopathic chronic inflammatory disease of the esophagus -WBCs collect in the inner lining causing inflammation and narrowing Manifestations: -dysphagia, food impaction, vomiting, stomach pain Evaluation: Biopsy Treatment: -No cure

Answer 3

difficult/ infrequent defecation -caused by a sedentary lifestyle, low-residue diet, low fluid intake, medication, OPIOIDS, neurogenic disorders Manifestations: -straining, lumpy/hard stools, <3 bowel movements a week Evaluation: stool diary, description, current medication use Treatments: increase fiber intake, moderate exercise, drink more fluids

Answer 4

-loose/water stools ->3 stools in 24 hours Manifestations: dehydration, weight loss, electrolyte imbalance, fever cramping w/ infection Evaluation: -abdominal imaging, travel questionnaire -biopsies

Answer 5

-Upper: bleeding in the esophagus (bright red), bleeding from the stomach and duodenum (dark red) -Lower: bleeding in the jejunum, ileum, colon, or rectum\ most common: hemorrhoids (bright red stool) Manifestations: changes in HR and BP Treatment: can resolve on its own depends on where bleed

Answer 6

reflux of acid from the stomach into esophagitis -vomiting, coughing, lifting, bending, obesity, can increased abdominal pressure Manifestations: heartburn, acid regurgitation, dysphagia, laryngitis, upper abdominal pain within 1 hour of eating Evaluation: biopsy, endoscopy Treatment: weight reduction, smoking cessation, head elevation, avoiding tight clothing

Answer 7

narrowing or blocking of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum -tumors and ulcers can cause obstruction Manifestations: epigastric fullness, nausea, epigastric pain anorexia, weight loss, distention, vomiting severe malnutrition, dehydration' Treatment: nasogastric suctioning to relieve distention, surgery Evaluation: abdominal ultrasound, endoscopy, blood test

Answer 8

caused by anything that prevents the normal flow of chyme through the intestinal lumen -small bowel obstructions are caused by postop adhesions, tumors, crohn's disease, hernias Manifestations: colicky pains, nausea and vomiting, sweating, tachycardia, rebound tenderness Treatment: early identification, replace fluid and electrolytes, decompression of lumen with suction, surgery Evaluation: CT, X ray, enhanced imaging

Answer 9

commonly caused by H. pylori infections Manifestations: chronic epigastric pain, pain begin 2/3 hours after eating, pain is rapidly relieved by antacids or food ingestion, bleeding Treatment: the aim is to relieve causes and effects of hyperacidity, antacids neutralize gastric contents and relieve pain, surgery Evaluation: endoscopy, biopsy

Answer 10

masses of crystals, protein or other substances that are common urinary tract obstruction -common stone types are CALCIUM oxalate or phosphate Manifestations: moderate to severe pain that is radiating lower urinary tract symptoms (urgency/frequency/incontinence) indicate obstruction of the lower ureter Treatment: manage acute pain, promote stone passage, reduce the size of stones that are already formed, prevent new stone formation Evaluation: urinalysis , imaging studies, history

Answer 11

usually occurs in men between the ages of 50 and 60 -risk factors: obesity, cigarette smoking, uncontrolled hypertension Manifestations: hematuria, dull aching flank pain, weight loss Treatment: removal of infected kidney, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy Evaluation: tumor staging, imaging, lab tests

Answer 12

bladder cancer is most common in men >60 years risks: people who smoke Manifestations: gross painless hematuria Treatment: cystoscopy with tissue resection, biopsy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy Evaluation: uring cytologic study for screening, imaging, lab tests

Answer 13

inflammation of the bladder -infection organisms is most commonly E. coli Manifestation: common- frequency, urgency, dysuria, painful , lower back pain, suprapubic pain severe- hematuria, cloudy urine, back pain - more serious elderly- confusion, abdominal discomfort Evaluation: urine culture Treatment: antibiotics

Answer 14

when damaged tissue is replaced with healthy tissue of the original type -by mitoses??

Answer 15

restoration of function and complete healing if the damage is minor with no complications

Answer 16

the replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue

Answer 17

composed primarily of collagen - its a substance that fills in the lesion, restoring tissue integrity and strength -results in a LOSS of FUNCTION

Answer 18

1. Inflammation/ Hemostasis 2. Proliferative/ Granulation 3. Remodeling/ Maturation

Answer 19

-coagulation (blood clot/ scab) -platelets & macrophages & neutrophils 3 to 5 days

Answer 20

-angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels) -epithelialization (sealing of the wound) -fibroblast and collagen formation -wound contraction (shrinking of wound) -lymphocytes

Answer 21

-weeks to months (2years?) -continuation of cellular differentiation -scar tissue formation (no function) -scar remodeling -contraction can occur by myofibroblasts

Answer 22

-margins are well approximated - abrasions -3 to 5 days -surgical incision and clean incision most rapid healing minimal tissue loss -suture, staples, butterfly, and glue high risk of getting infection

Answer 23

would margins are not well approximated -larger wound area requres granulation tissue to fill the gap gaping would open wound and requires alot of tissue replacement longer period of time needed to heal

Answer 24

would healing is DELAYED -a would that was open and is now closed large infected or contaminated wound increased granulation and late suturing with the wide scar (dog or human bite)

Answer 25

can occur at any stage -ischemia excessive bleeding excessing fibrin deposition predisposing disorders : -diabetes -obesity -wound infection -tobacco smoking

Answer 26

Dysfunctional collagen synthesis leads to keloid or hypertrophic scar

Answer 27

dehiscence (wound splitting open) increases risk of infection

Answer 28

contracture (usually at joints and causes a loss of joint function)

Answer 29

>126 md/dl normal : <100

Exam 4 Flashcards

(53 cards)