Exam 4 Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
acids
A
donate protons
2
Q
base
A
accept proton
3
Q
ph represents
A
proton concentration
4
Q
as ph increases proton concentration…..
A
decreases
5
Q
abnormal pH does what to proteins
A
changes their configuration
6
Q
name of H2CO3
A
carbonic acid
7
Q
get rid of Lactic acid through the….
A
kidneys
8
Q
ph 6.9 is a concentration
A
126
9
Q
ph 7.00 is a concentration
A
100
10
Q
ph 7.4 is a concentration
A
40
11
Q
ph of 7.8 is a concentration of
A
16
12
Q
pH of 7.7 is a concentration of
A
20
13
Q
the conjugate base of a strong acid is a ……
A
weak base
14
Q
the conjugate acid of a strong base is a …..
A
weak acid
15
Q
gastric pH
A
1
16
Q
most buffers are…
A
weak acids
17
Q
pK of bicarb
A
7.4
18
Q
pH is pancreatic secretions
A
8
19
Q
pOH of the stomach
A
14
20
Q
kidney gets rid of protons by…
A
protons + ammomia = ammonium
21
Q
what is a buffer in the urine
A
ammonium
22
Q
Bicarb concentration
A
24 mOsm/L
23
Q
low co2 with normal pH must have a bicarb that is….
A
low bicarb
24
Q
high CO2 with normal pH must have a bicarb that is…..
A
high bicarb
25
main plasma colloid is
albumin
26
main buffer protein in our blood
hbg
27
phosphate buffer pK
6.8
28
ammonia
NH4+
29
pH of urine
5
30
polio destroys what?
cns motor neurons
31
antifreeze ingestion causes....
ethylene glycol -> metabolic acidosis
32
chloride concentration
106
33
na concentration
142 mosmo/L
34
largest ecf protein
albumin
35
normal Gap
12 meq/L mosm/L +/-4 meq
36
loss of bicarb and no loss of chloride does what to gap
increases anion gap
37
things that cause metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gap
Loss of bicarb; diarrhea, pancreatic fluid loss
Cl- retention; renal tubular acidosis
38
Low alveolar hypoxia PAO2, PaO2, CaO2, PVO2, CVo2, O2?
PAO2, low
PaO2, low
CaO2, low
PVO2, low
CVo2, low
O2? yes
39
diffusion impairment hypoxia PAO2, PaO2, CaO2, PVO2, CVo2, O2?
PAO2, N
PaO2, low
CaO2, low
PVO2, low
CVo2, low
O2? yes
40
R -> L shunt hypoxia PAO2, PaO2, CaO2, PVO2, CVo2, O2?
PAO2, N
PaO2, low
CaO2, low
PVO2, low
CVo2, low
O2? No
41
VQ mismatch hypoxia PAO2, PaO2, CaO2, PVO2, CVo2, O2?
PAO2, N
PaO2, low
CaO2, low
PVO2, low
CVo2, low
O2? Yes
42
Anemic hypoxia PAO2, PaO2, CaO2, PVO2, CVo2, O2?
PAO2, N
PaO2, N
CaO2, low
PVO2, low
CVo2, low
O2? No
43
CO poisoning hypoxia PAO2, PaO2, CaO2, PVO2, CVo2, O2?
PAO2, N
PaO2, N
CaO2, low
PVO2, low
CVo2, low
O2? Possibly
44
Hypoperfusion Hypoxia PAO2, PaO2, CaO2, PVO2, CVo2, O2?
PAO2, N
PaO2, N
CaO2, N
PVO2, low
CVo2, low
O2? No
45
Histotoxic Hypoxia PAO2, PaO2, CaO2, PVO2, CVo2, O2?
PAO2, N
PaO2, N
CaO2, N
PVO2, high
CVo2, high
O2? No
46
Spinal cord injury causes....
Resp acidosis
47
Polio causes...
Resp acidosis
48
Guillain-Barre causes
Resp acidosis
49
Botulism causes
Resp acidosis
50
Tetanus causes
resp acidosis
51
Myasthenia gravis causes
resp acidosis
52
ELMS causes...
resp acidosis
53
Kyphoscoliosis causes...
resp acidosis
54
Obesity causes...
resp acidosis
55
asbestos causes
resp acidosis
56
Upper airway obstruction causes...
resp acidosis
57
Meningitis causes
resp alkalosis
58
salicylates cause
metabolic acidosis, and resp alkalosis,
59
Progesterone causes
resp alkalosis
60
Asthma causes
resp alkalosis
61
Pulmonary embolism causes
resp alkalosis
62
Pulmonary edema causes
resp acidosis
63
high altitude causes
resp alkalosis
64
methanol causes
metabolic acidosis
65
Ethylene glycol causes
metabolic acidosis
66
ammonium chloride causes
metabolic acidosis
67
pancreatic fistulas cause
metabolic acidosis
68
ammonium chloride is used in
cough suppressants and fertilizer
69
Ethylene glycol is used in
antifreeze
70
Shock causes
metabolic acidosis
71
severe exercise causes
metabolic acidosis
72
ARDS causes
metabolic acidosis
73
Alcoholism causes
metabolic acidosis
74
starvation causes
metabolic acidosis
75
Gastric fistulas cause
metabolic alkalosis
76
overproduction of aldosterone causes
metabolic alkalosis
77
Diuretic cause
metabolic alkalosis
78
OD on Tums cause
metabolic alkalosis
79
uncompensated resp acidosis ph, pco2, Hco3
Ph; vv
PCO2; ^^
HCO3; ^
80
uncompensated resp alkalosis ph, pco2, Hco3
Ph; ^^
PCO2; vv
HCO3; v
81
uncompensated metabolic acidosis ph, pco2, Hco3
Ph; vv
PCO2; -
HCO3; vv
82
uncompensated metabolic alkalosis ph, pco2, Hco3
Ph; ^^
PCO2; -
HCO3; ^^
83
Partially compensated resp acidosis ph, pco2, Hco3
Ph; v
PCO2; ^^
HCO3; ^^
84
Partially compensated resp alkalosis ph, pco2, Hco3
Ph; ^
PCO2; vv
HCO3; vv
85
Partially compensated metabolic acidosis ph, pco2, Hco3
Ph; v
PCO2; vv
HCO3; vv
86
Partially compensated metabolic alkalosis ph, pco2, Hco3
Ph; ^
PCO2; ^^
HCO3; ^^
87
Respiratory and metabolic acidosis ph, pco2, Hco3
Ph; vv
PCO2; ^^
HCO3; v
88
Respiratory and metabolic alkalosis ph, pco2, Hco3
Ph; ^^
PCO2; vv
HCO3; ^
89
Transverse Arytnoid cart
attach the two arytenoids
adduct the vocal cords = close rima glottidis
oblique arytnoid cart = horizontal, wrapped around the arynoid cart
90
cricothyroid muscle
connects top of the cricoid cart with the bottom of the thyroid cart
straight and oblique part
contract = pulls thyroid closer to cricoid cart
hinges at the inferior horn and the articular facet for thyroid cart
contracts when we swallow
increases tension on the vocal cords, no open or close.
91
muscle in the way for an emergency airway
cricothyroid muscle
92
Vocalis muscle
increases tension on vocal cords
located lateral to the vocal ligament
tightens = increase tension, no open or close
93
Thyroartenoid muscle
artenoid and thyroid cart connections
swings arytenoids towards thyroid = close cords = adducts
94
lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
connects arytenoid to circoid cart
swing arytenoids toward each other = rotate out and close glottis
95
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
adducts the vocal cords= close
arytenoid and cricoids connection
96
SCAR
Superior laryngeal muscle = cricothyroid muscles
All other muscles = recurrent laryngeal nerve
97
what muscle is solely responsible for opening the vocal cords
posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
98
sensory innervation for the trachea
inferior laryngeal nerves
99
motor for the inside the the larynx
inferior laryngeal nerve
100
L and R recurrent locations
L = aortic arch
R = brachiocephalic
101
sensory for the inside of the larynx
internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
102
motor function of the cricothyroid muscle
external branch of the superior laryngeal muscle
103
ligament that provides a connection between cords and top of the cricoid cart
conus elasticus
104
cricothyroid joint connects...
inferior horn of the thyroid cart and the articular fact of the cricoid cart
105
pivot point on the arytenoid cart
articular facet
106
Airplane pressurized to mimic....
15,000 ft, close to base camp up pB of 404, 429
107
connection for the base of the larynx and the top of the trachea
circotracheal ligament
108
level 1 in larynx
supraglottic space
109
level 2 in larynx
transglottic space
110
Level 3 in the larynx
subglottic space
111
name for process of adapting to higher altitude
climatization
112
Depth of 500 ft underwater is how many atm?
16 atm = 760 x 16 = 12,160 mmhg
113
4 atm leads to....
4 atm -> 3,000 mmhg of PaO2 w/ 100% oxygen -> cnz toxicity and sz
114
superoxide
O2 molecule with an extra electon on it = holds a negative charge / extra electron and is not paired with anything and the extra electron is reactive and superoxide can react with proteins and DNA.
115
Hydrogen peroxide
H2O2
oxidizing agent, used to kill stuff you don't want around by overwhelm with oxygen
116
nitric Oxide + superoxide
NO + O2- = OONO- Peroxynitrite = high reactive compound that attacks DNA and proteins.
117
Superoxide dismutase
(SOD)= chews up superoxide.
118
peroxidase
enzyme that combats free radicals
119
Catalase and acetylcisytines
reduce the activity of bad oxygen molecules.
120
NAC
N acetylcysteines= free radical scavenger and helps to detoxify stuff/ alcohol in the body
121
Other names for Dangerous oxygen molecules
ROS = reactive oxygen Species.
Free Radicals = they are all bad to have around.
122
Ischemia-reperfusion injury
once you free the obstruction the tissue will over-perfuse itself to make up for the nutritional deficit its had while ischemic. And in the process of that the bv are wide open and will have a lot of O2 delivered and oxygen is good in reasonable amounts, if we get too much at once = detrimental to fixing the tissue that was ischemic. reperfusion can result in an injury due to oversupply of oxygen.
123
A-a age formula
( Age + 10) / 4
124
Alveolar gas equation
PAO2 = [(PB-PH20)*FIO2]-(PaCO2/R)
125
Lots of Co2 does what to R
R increases such as with eating lots of carbs
126
Co2 level that cuases CNS toxicity and lethargy
80mmhg
127
RQ
respiratory quotient = blood gasses
128
RER
respiratory exchange ratio = inspired vs expired
129
R
Co2 produced/ Oxygen consumed
130
Top of lung Blood gasses
PO2 = 130
PCO2 = 30
131
Base of lung blood gasses
PO2= 90
PCO2= 42
132
Feet per meter
3.28 feet per 1 meter
