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Horticulture 101 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

internal functioning of plants

A

plant physiology

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2
Q

the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

A

diffusion

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3
Q

diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

A

osmosis

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4
Q

different substances diffuse at different rates through this

A

semipermeable membrane

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5
Q

a mixture in which things are dissolved evenly

A

solution

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6
Q

the substance things are dissolved in

A

solvent

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7
Q

the thing dissolved in the solvent

A

solute

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8
Q

a solution with a solute concentration higher than the cell’s (cell would lose water)

A

hyptertonic

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9
Q

a solution with a solute concentration lower than the cell’s (cell would absorb water)

A

hypotonic

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10
Q

a solution with a solute concentration equal to the cell’s

A

isotonic

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11
Q

when the plasma membrane presses tightly against a cell wall, the plant cell is…

A

turgid

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12
Q

when the plasma membrane is not tightly pressed against a cell wall, the plant cell is…

A

flaccid

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13
Q

when the membrane pulls away from the cell wall altogether, which over time may kill the cell , the plant cell is…

A

plasmolyzed

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14
Q

how is water potential calculated?

A

water potential = pressure potential + solute potential

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15
Q

what is water potential?

A

the total pressure driving water in one direction or another

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16
Q

water always moves from an area of __ water potential to an area of __ water potential

A

higher, lower

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17
Q

what are the three main processes that move water through plants?

A

1) root pressure
2) capillary action
3) cohesion tension theory

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18
Q

stimulation of movement of water up the roots and lower stim due to

A

root pressure

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19
Q

the movement of water up a narrow tube due to polar bonding is known as

A

capillary action

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20
Q

a chain of water molecules joined by hydrogen bonds is pulled up the plant by evaporation through the leaves, this is known as

A

cohesion tension theory

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21
Q

the evaporation of water out of a leaf which drives water movement through the mesophyll is known as

A

transpiration

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22
Q

air bubbles break the tension (the pull) of the water column in xylem vessels; the air bubble is referred to as

A

embolism

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23
Q

the loss of xylem function due to embolism is called

A

cavitation

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24
Q

in small plants, repairing cavitation involves __ forcing gas bubbles to dissolve

A

root pressure

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25
Q

in larger plants, __ may be imported into the __ to get more water flow out by osmosis

A

solute, xylem

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26
Q

building new __ is also a way of repairing cavitation

A

xylem

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27
Q

when guard cells are __, the stomatal pore is open

A

turgid

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28
Q

when guard cells are __ or __, they lose __ pressure and close the stomata

A

flaccid, plasmolyzed, turgor

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29
Q

conserving water by closing stomata means absorbing less __ and usually __ __

A

co2, less growth

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30
Q

to open, guard cells absorb __ from nearby __ cells, then water flows into guard cells by __ to create turgor pressure in the cell

A

k+, epidermal, osmosis

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31
Q

guard cells export __ to become flaccid and close the stomatal pore

A

k+

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32
Q

some plant species have epidermal pores at the tips of veins called

A

hydathodes

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33
Q

some aquatic plants and plants from moist environments excrete excess water through __ which is called __

A

hydathodes, guttation

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34
Q

macronutrients include…

A

N, P, K, Ca, S, and Mg

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35
Q

what is nitrogen needed for?

A

proteins

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36
Q

deficiency of this nutrient shows as chlorosis (yellowing in older leaves)

A

nitrogen

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37
Q

phosphorus is needed for

A

nucleic acids & ATP

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38
Q

deficiency of this nutrient shows as green leaves with purpling

A

phosphorus

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39
Q

potassium is needed for

A

stress tolerance

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40
Q

deficiency of this nutrient shows as yellowing of leaf margins with spots

A

potassium

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41
Q

calcium is needed for

A

cell division, leaf expansion, & membrane transport

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42
Q

deficiency of this nutrient shows as dying leaf margins, small leaves, dead terminal buds/meristems, small roots and blossom end rot (can be caused by lack of water)

A

calcium

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43
Q

magnesium is needed for

A

chlorophyll & enzyme activity

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44
Q

deficiency of this nutrient can show as interveinal chlorosis with some spots and leaves curling

A

magnesium

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45
Q

sulfer is needed for

A

amino acids

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46
Q

deficiency of the nutrient sulfer can show as

A

small, light green leaves with some dead spots

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47
Q

to live, cells must have

A

energy

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48
Q

what is energy

A

the capacity to do work (moving objects) or to produce heat

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49
Q

what is the law of conservation of energy?

A

in nature, energy is neither created nor destroyed but is transferred between forms

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50
Q

what is metabolism?

A

the sum of all the interrelated biochemical processes that take place in an organism

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51
Q

the breaking or forming of chemical bonds in metabolism is done by

A

proteins called enzymes

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52
Q

what are the types of metabolism?

A

anabolism
catabolism
secondary metabolism

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53
Q

the building of molecules by forming chemical bonds

A

anabolism

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54
Q

the breakdown of molecules by breaking chemical bonds

A

catabolism

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55
Q

reactions that produce compounds not strictly necessary for normal growth, like latex or nicotine

A

secondary metabolism

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56
Q

chemical energy from food is transferred into chemical energy in ATP

A

cellular respiration

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57
Q

what is the overall equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP

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58
Q

respiration uses oxygen so it is a __ reaction

A

aerobic

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59
Q

the three main components of cellular respiration are

A

glycosis
the krebs cycle
electron transport chain (ETP)

60
Q

the __ is where most ATP is produced

A

ETP

61
Q

why is ATP important for cells to function?

A

it is the source of energy for cells

62
Q

what factors affect the rate of respiration?

A

temperature
oxygen levels
water levels

63
Q

if the temperature is too high, the rate of respiration will

A

decline

64
Q

without enough oxygen, the rate of respiration will

A

decline

65
Q

since cells are mostly water, without enough water the rate of respiration will

A

decline

66
Q

why is photosynthesis important to life on earth?

A

1) it produces 94% of dry weight in plants
2) it produced fossil fuels which provide 90% of the energy for electricity and transportation
3) it produces the world’s oxygen

67
Q

this process converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in sugars and other comounds

A

photosynthesis

68
Q

what is the overall equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy
–> C6H12O6 + 6O2

69
Q

light is __ and it comes in __

A

energy, waves

70
Q

light comes in individual particles called

A

photons

71
Q

the color of light depends on __, which is the distance between two peaks in a wave

A

wavelength

72
Q

when an object appears to be a certain color, it is __ that color/wavelength of light

A

reflecting

73
Q

chlorophylls absorb light in the __ to __ and __ wavelengths

A

violet, blue, red

74
Q

converts light energy absorbed by chlorophyll into chemical energy (ATP, NADPH)

in: light, water
out: ATP, NADPH, and oxygen as a waste product

A

light reactions

75
Q

converts chemical energy in ATP & NADPH (short term) into chemical energy in carbohydrates (long term)

A

the calvin cycle

76
Q

the carbon for making carbohydrates comes from __, and the enzyme responsible for this is __

A

co2, rubisco

77
Q

__ and __ are the main parts of photosynthesis

A

light reactions, the calvin cycle

78
Q

about 85% of plant species use only the __ photosynthesis pathway

A

c3

79
Q

__ photosynthesis plants undergo __ __ __ for carbon fixation; these plants require cool and wet environments

A

c3, the calvin cycle

80
Q

some plants use __ photosynthesis, which is highly efficient at using __; the most productive plants in the world use this

A

c4,co2

81
Q

c4 photosynthesis requires a __ and __ environment and is found mostly in __

A

tropical, dry, monocots

82
Q

in __ leaves, the __ __ __ are enlarged and have many chloroplasts, as well as all of the leaf’s __; this arrangement is known as __ __

A

c4, bundle sheath cells, rubisco, kranz anatomy

83
Q

in __ photosynthesis, the __ captures co2 then pumps it into the __ __ __; the high concentration of co2 around __ makes photosynthesis run quickly and efficiently

A

c4, mesophyll, bundle sheath cells, rubisco

84
Q

while mostly in monocots, __ photosynthesis is also important to some __ in __, __ environments

A

dicots, warm, dry

85
Q

__ photosynthesis is a form of photosynthesis used by plants in arid environments to __ water

A

CAM, conserve

86
Q

CAM stands for

A

crassulacean acid metabolism

87
Q

in __ photosynthesis, the stomata are only __ at night

A

CAM, open

88
Q

in CAM photosynthesis, __ is taken in at night through __, then stored in the __ of __ cells as __ acid

A

co2, stomata, vacuole, mesophyll, malic

89
Q

in CAM photosynthesis, during the day, stomata are closed to __ water; in the __ __ __ a co2 is pulled of __ acid and fed into the __ __

A

conserve, bundle sheath cells, malic, calvin cycle

90
Q

the majority of CAM plants are either __ __ or __ __ and __

A

desert succulents, epiphytic orchids, bromeliads

91
Q

what is a heat-trapping, greenhouse gas?

A

co2

92
Q

higher co2 impact on plant growth can

A

1) stimulate photosynthesis and growth
2) dilute tissue nutrients for herbivores
3) change competitive dynamics of species

93
Q

the concentration of atmospheric co2 has increased by over __% since the beginning of the industrial revolution

A

40%

94
Q

how does the increase in co2 affect horticulture?

A

1) shorter period for winter dormancy and stratification
2) select plant varieties become more tolerant to heat and drought
3) extended growing season + stormwater management

95
Q

an irreversible increase in size due to the division and enlargement of cells

A

growth

96
Q

a change in form as a result of both growth and differentiation

A

development

97
Q

growth and development are regulated by

A

hormones

98
Q

__ are molecules that are usually transported in an organism and have specific effects on growth, flowering, and other plant activities

A

hormones

99
Q

__ are a plant hormone produced in the shoot apical meristem, buds, young leaves and other young actively growing plant parts

A

auxins

100
Q

auxins were discovered by

A

frits went

101
Q

enlargement of cells by elongation of cell walls, which causes coleoptiles to bend; cells longer on one side than the other

what plant hormone is this a function of?

A

auxins

102
Q

auxins produced in the __ __ __ inhibit growth of lateral buds (this is responsible for __ __)

A

shoot apical meristem, apical dominance

103
Q

__ can stimulate the differentiation of new __ __ including the growth of new __ from stem cuttings, and the differentiation of __ cells into different cell types (__, __)

A

auxins, cell types, roots, parenchyma, roots, xylem

104
Q

auxins can delay developmental processes such as

A

fruit and leaf abscission and fruit ripening

105
Q

auxins can be sprayed in __ to prevent __ __ so they can all be harvested at the same time

A

orchards, fruit abscission

106
Q

__ can be sprayed on flowers to produce __ fruits

A

auxins, seedless

107
Q

auxins in high concentrations will __ plants, but some plants require more than others

A

kill

108
Q

__ is a plant hormone produced by fungi and discovered by eiichi kurosawa

A

gibberellin

109
Q

gibberellins (GA) are produced in

A

immature seeds
root and shoot tips
young leaves

110
Q

gibberellin (GA) __ growth primarily in __

A

enhances, dicots

111
Q

gibberellin __ seed germination by __ the breakdown of stored __ in the seed

A

spurs, stimulating, carbohydrates

112
Q

gibberellin __ flowering in some species

A

stimulates

113
Q

gibberellin can __ the temperature threshold of __ __ (grow more at __ temps)

A

lower, plant growth, cooler

114
Q

GA revolutionized the production of __ __; fruit __ were longer, providing more __ __ and reducing __ __

A

seedless grapes, internodes, air flow, fungal growth

115
Q

__ are a plant hormone discovered by Gottlieb Haberlandt

A

cytokinins

116
Q

this plant hormone is a chemical in phloem that stimulates cell division and the production of cork cambium

A

cytokinins

117
Q

cytokinins can stimulate __ __ but only in the presence of __

A

cell division, auxin

118
Q

cytokinins are a chemical found in __

A

phloem

119
Q

in tissue culture, __ and __ are added to a few cells to grow a whole plant

A

auxins, cytokinins

120
Q

__ delay ageing so it is often applied to __, __ __, and __ __

A

cytokinins, leaves, cut flowers, harvested veggies

121
Q

__ __ (ABA) is a plant hormone discovered by Torsten __

A

abscisic acid, hemberg

122
Q

__ are substances from dormant buds and can block the effects of __

A

ABA, auxins

123
Q

abscisic acid can __ seed germination, opposing the effects of __ and __

A

inhibit, gibberellin, cytokinins

124
Q

__ is present in high concentrations in __ to prevent germination and can be applied __

A

ABA, fruits, externally

125
Q

ABA produced in response to drought causes __ __, in addition ABA produced during drought can stimulate __ __

A

stomatal closure, root growth

126
Q

__ is the only gaseous hormone, and is a simple molecule given off by __ __

A

ethylene, ripening fruits

127
Q

ethylene functions to initiate __ of leaves and flowers and arrest __ __ resulting in __, sturdier plants

A

abscission, cell elongation, shorter

128
Q

__ are permanent movements resulting from external stimuli coming from one direction, so the plant is growing towards or away from a particular __

A

tropisms, stimulus

129
Q

__ is the growth of plants towards or away from light

A

phototropism

130
Q

__ __ is growth towards light

A

positive phototropism

131
Q

__ __ is growth away from light

A

negative phototropism

132
Q

__ is when plants grown in the dark develop long stems, few leaves and pale appearance

A

etiolation

133
Q

__ is the growth of plants towards or away from gravity

A

gravitropism

134
Q

__ gravitropism is growth towards gravity

A

positive

135
Q

__ gravitropism is growth away from gravity

A

negative

136
Q

the effects of etiolation

A

long stems
few leaves
pale appearance

137
Q

gravitropism is thought to be mediated by __ which move when the plant is flipped

A

amyloplasts

138
Q

response of plants to the respective lengths of night and day

A

photoperiodism

139
Q

the daytime of photoperiodism is called the

A

photoperiod

140
Q

the nighttime of photoperiodism is called the

A

skotoperiod

141
Q

plants can sense and respond to photoperiod using two pigment molecules, which are

A

phytochrome
cryptochrome

142
Q

is necessary for plants to flower on the proper photoperiod

A

phytochrome

143
Q

plants will flower if they have a single __

A

leaf

144
Q

__ __ plants require a photoperiod of 10 hours or less to flower

A

short day

145
Q

__ __ plants require a photoperiod of 12-14 hours to flower

A

long day

146
Q

__ __ plants will flower only if one leaf is exposed to a short 8hr photoperiod

A

short day

147
Q

photoperiod is sensed in the __ but the signal is transmitted to the buds somehow, the unknown hormone was dubbed __

A

leaves, florigen

Horticulture 101 (5 decks)

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