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Horticulture 101 > Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

In Nature, energy is neither created nor destroyed but is transferred between forms. This is the…

A

Law of Conservation of Energy

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1
Q

In order to live, cells must acquire…

A

Energy

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2
Q

The capacity to do work or to produce heat is…

A

Energy

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3
Q

The breaking or forming of chemical bonds in metabolism is usually done by proteins called…

A

Enzymes

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4
Q

Sum of all the interrelated biochemical processes that take place in an organism is…

A

Metabolism

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5
Q

The building of molecules by forming chemical bonds is known as…(type of metabolism)

A

Anabolism

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6
Q

The breakdown of molecules by breaking chemical bonds is known as…(type of metabolism)

A

Catabolism

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7
Q

Reactions that produce compounds not strictly necessary for normal growth are known as…(type of metabolism)(Defense compounds like nicotine or latex)

A

Secondary metabolism

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8
Q

Chemical energy from food is transferred into chemical energy in ATP

A

Cellular respiration

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9
Q

Respiration uses oxygen, so it is an _____ reaction.

A

Aerobic

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10
Q

What are the three main components of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
  3. Electron Transport Chain (ETP)
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11
Q

Most ATP is produced in the

A

ETP

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12
Q

The rate of respiration will increase with __ as most chemicals do.

A

Temperature

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13
Q

The rate of respiration starts to decline at above __ due to __

A

104º F, proteins coming apart

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14
Q

Respiration requires

A

Oxygen

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15
Q

The rate of respiration drops off without

A

Oxygen

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16
Q

The rate of respiration is also affected by __ since cells are mostly filled with this.

A

Water

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17
Q

In the absence of __, the rate of respiration slows but doesn’t stop.

A

Water

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18
Q

Converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in sugars and other compounds

A

Photosynthesis

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19
Q

What does photosynthesis do?

A
  1. Produces 94% of dry weight of plants
  2. Produced fossil fuels, which provide 90% of the energy for electricity and transportation
  3. Provides energy for nearly all organisms
  4. Produces the worlds oxygen
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20
Q

Light is __, and it comes in __

A

Energy, waves

21
Q

Light also comes in individual particles, called

A

Photons

22
Q

The color of light depends on

A

Wavelength

23
Q

The distance between two peaks in a wave is the

A

Wavelength

24
Q

When an object appears to be a certain color, it is __ that color of light.

A

Reflecting

25
Q

__ is a green pigment found in the __.

A

Chlorophyll, chloroplast

26
Q

__ absorb light in the violet to blue and red wavelengths.

A

Chlorophylls

27
Q

The two main parts of photosynthesis are

A

Light reactions, the Calvin Cycle

28
Q

Converts light energy into chemical energy (ATP, NADPH)

A

Light reactions

29
Q

Converts chemical energy in ATP & NADPH into chemical energy in carbohydrates.

A

The Calvin Cycle

30
Q

This is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy (ATP & NADPH)

[This is the step where oxygen is given off as a waste product, light and water in and NADPH and oxygen out]

A

Light energy

31
Q

__ produces ATP and NADPH, which cannot be stored for long so they are put into carbohydrates for long term storage.

A

Light Reactions

32
Q

The carbon for making carbohydrates comes from __, and __ is the enzyme responsible for this.

[ATP and NADPH in, carbohydrates out]

A

CO2, rubisco

33
Q

About __% of plant species use the C3 pathway, but some plants use C4 photosynthesis which is highly efficient at using CO2.

A

85%

34
Q

Most productive plants use __, including sugarcane and corn.

A

C4 photosynthesis

35
Q

Enlarged bundle sheath cells
Many chloroplasts
Has all of leaf’s rubisco (Kranz Anatomy)

A

C4 leaves

36
Q

Mesophyll captures CO2 then pumps it into bundle sheath cells
High concentration of rubisco makes photosynthesis run quickly

A

C4 photosynthesis

37
Q

C4 photosynthesis is especially important in __.

A

Monocots

38
Q

Most of the world’s warm grasslands are made mainly __. It is also important to some __ in warm, dry environments.

A

C4 species, dicots

39
Q

This is a form of photosynthesis used by plants in arid environments to conserve water.

A

CAM photosynthesis

40
Q

CAM stands for

A

Crassulean Acid Metabolism

41
Q

__ are only open at night

A

Stomata

42
Q

__ is taken in at night through __, then stored in the __ of __ cells as __ acid.

A

CO2, stomata, vacuole, malic

43
Q

__ close during the day to __ water.

A

Stomata, conserve

44
Q

In __, a CO2 is pulled of __ acid and fed into the __ Cycle.

A

Bundle sheath cells, malic, Calvin

45
Q

The majority of __ plants are either desert succulents or epiphytic orchids and bromeliads.

A

CAM

46
Q

Concentration of atmospheric CO2 has increased by over __% since the __ Revolution, this is a result of __.

A

40%, Industrial, Climate Change

47
Q

Effects of higher CO2 on plant growth

A
  1. Stimulation of photosynthesis and growth
  2. Dilution of tissue nutrients (for herbivores)
  3. Changes competitive dynamics of species (C4 species will likely lose several of their advantages)
48
Q

CO2 is a __

A

Heat-trapping greenhouse gas

49
Q

More CO2 =

A

Hotter temperatures on earth

50
Q

Climate Change effects on horticulture

A
  1. Shorter period for winter dormancy and stratification
  2. Select varieties more tolerant to heat and drought
  3. Extended growing season (more growth, more pests)
  4. More emphasis on green infrastructure for stormwater management

Horticulture 101 (5 decks)

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