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A&P II > EXAM 4 > Flashcards

EXAM 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

all chemical reactions within cells, catabolic (break) or anabolic (make)

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2
Q

what do we take in?

A

nutrients (hopefully) =carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water

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3
Q

why are we hungry? what stimulates hunger? hypothalamus regulates….

A

hypothalamus regulates feeding(hunger) and satiety (fullness)
*both neural and hormonal controls

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4
Q

what happens to food? large to small.. broken from complex…

A

to simple(small carbon chains {C-
C-C-C-C-C}glucose–in digestive system

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5
Q

Triglycerides are…

A

monoglycerides and fatty acids

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6
Q

cells use small carbon chains to make how many glucose..

A

36ATP glucose

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7
Q

aerobic cellular respiration includes:
1. Glycolysis(located in cytoplasm) goes to …>

A

glucose >2pyruvate and 2 ATP (electron carriers)

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8
Q

aerobic cellular respiration includes:
2. preparatory reaction>

A

2 pyruvate >2 acetyl CoA

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9
Q

Aerobic cellular Respiration includes:
Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle>

A

2 Acetyl CoA >released as CO2

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10
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation (most critical step)>

A

Most ATP

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11
Q

Molecular Equation of aerobic cell respiration:

A

C6H12O6 + >CO2 + H2O + energy (ATP)

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12
Q

Gastro-intestinal (GI)

A

esophagus>anus
innermost to outmost layers:
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

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13
Q

mucosa is the innermost layer and it has…

A

contact with food, is primarily epithelial tissue (columnar and goblet cells)

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14
Q

submucosa is what kind of tissue>

A

connective tissue with blood and lymph vessels and glands

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15
Q

muscularis has two layers.

A

smooth muscle (Involuntary)
skeletal muscle (voluntary) -anal and esophagal) @beginning and end of tract

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16
Q

serosa has three layers…

A

connective tissue layers (serous membranes):
serosa are made up of
visceral peritoneum (abdomen) >covers abdominal organs.
-parietal peritoneum>lines cavity wall
-peritoneal extensions(beyond peritoneum)>mesentery, greater omentum(hangs down off organ)

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17
Q

Functions: How do we transfer nutrients from external to internal environment(food to cells)?

A

-Ingest(into mouth)
-Digest (chemical and mechanical)
-Egest (defecation, eliminate waste)
-Secretion (mucus, enzymes)
-Absorption (Most Important!!) simple molecules pass into blood or lymph vessels
–small intestine>absorbs all nutrients
–large intestine>absorbs water, vitamins

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18
Q

Types of Digestion:
chemical digestion>

A

catabolic process, enzymes break complex molecules into simple

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19
Q

Types of Digestion:
Mechanical digestion>

A

phsyical (churned segmentation etc) movements of digestive tract (increases surface area for enzymes)

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20
Q

mechanical digestion(muscle)
Peristalsis (like squeezing tubes of toothpaste)…they are…

A

unidirectional, forward movement

21
Q

Mechanical digestion
Segmentation (like blender or washer/dryer…it is …

A

multidirectional mixing

22
Q

mucus (GI Tract) secretions do what?

A

Coat food and protect GI tract

23
Q

Bile salts (secretions in liver, gall bladder) do what?

A

emulsify lipids

24
Q

Hydrochloric Acid(secretions in stomach) does what?

A

helps to activate pepsin for protein digestion

24
Q

Pepsin (secretion in stomach) does what?

A

is activated by HCl for protein(enzyme) digestion

25
Q

Bicarbonate HCO3- (acinar cells of pancreas) do what?

A

neutralize acid

26
Q

Enzymes (secretions of salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, brush border) do what?

A

facilitate food break down and work best at specific pH.
Amylase-starch/sugar splitter
lipase-fat splitter
protease-protein splitter

27
Q

Gastrointestinal hormones:
Gastrin:
secreted from where?
What causes it to be secreted

A

It is secreted from entero-endocrine cells
Presence of Proteinn
High pH stretch

28
Q

Gasrointestinal Hormones:
Gastrin:
Does it stimulate or inhibit gastric secretion and mobility?
What is the specific function of the hormone?

A

Gastrin is stimulated in the stomach
It’s function is to digest proteins

29
Q

Gastrointestinal Hormones:
Secretin:
Where is it secreted from?
What causes it to be secreted?

A

Secretin is secreted from the duodenum.
Presence of chyme
acidic

30
Q

Gastrointestinal Hormones:
Secretin:
Does it stimulate or inhibit gastric secretion and mobility?
What is the specific function of this hormone?

A

Secretin inhibits stomach
It stimulates pacreas to release HCO3- to neutralize the acid chyme

31
Q

Gastrointestinal Hormones:
Cholecystokinin (CCK):
Where is it secreted from?
What causes it to be secreted or the presence of?

A

Cholecystokinin is secreted from duodenum.
presence of fatty chyme

32
Q

Gastrointestinal Hormones:
CCK
Does it stimulate or inhibit gastric secretion and motility?
What is the specific function of the hormone?

A

Cholecystokinin inhibits in stomach
Its function is to digest fats/lipids.’
in the pancreas, gall bladder, liver>bile lipase digest

33
Q

What is the primary location for protein digestion?

A

stomach
We don’t digest protein until stomach

34
Q

What secretions(enzymes and acid) are critical for protein digestion and which cells release these?

A

Pepsin(chief cells) and HCl (parietal cells)

35
Q

Where does most nutrient absorption occur in the GI tract?

A

small intestine

36
Q

When digested foodstuffs (small carbon chains) enter the wall of the digestive trace, which structures carry them away to other body locations?

A

blood and lymph vessels

37
Q

3 phases of digestion:
1. cephalic> initiated by…

A

taste/smell of food
neural stimulation (Vagus n) causes gastric secretion

38
Q

3 Phases of digestion:
2. Gastric> food enters where?

A

stomach (beginning of protein digestion, churning occurs
Hormone gastrin stimulates gastric secretion and motility

39
Q

3 Phases of digestion:
Intestinal:> 4 hours after a meal, small amounts of what are released into duodenum?

A

chyme

40
Q

Small intestine DJI(don’t jump igloos) are what regions?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

41
Q

increased surface are =

A

increased absorption

42
Q

circular folds, like ridges(Plica circularis) >

A

folds of nucosa and submucosa

43
Q

Fingers on folds (columnar and goblet cells, capillaries and lacteals) are what?

A

villi

44
Q

Extension of columnar membrane is what?

A

Brush border (microvilli)

45
Q

membrane proteins, finish protein and carbohydrate digestion are what structure?

A

brush border enzymes

46
Q

secrete intestinal juice into lumen, secrete secretin and CCK into blood is…

A

intestinal cryptsf

47
Q

function of submucosal glands….

A

secretions (HCO3-) neutralize chyme, prevent destruction

48
Q

motility is

A

segmentation (mixing)

A&P II (6 decks)

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