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A&P II > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

Filter and cleanse the blood
1. Regulation of blood composition, volume and pH(hydrogen ion, acidity and alkalinity.
2. excretion of metabolic wastes
3. Secretion of hormones

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2
Q

What does the the kidneys help regulate?

A

it regulates composition of blood, volume and pH. (hydrogen ion
and maintains concentration of solutes, water volume, and acid-base balance.

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3
Q

what do the kidneys excrete?

A

metabolic wastes (urea, uric acid, and creatinine.(lots of water)

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4
Q

what hormones do the kidneys secrete?

A
  1. Renin (water-salt balance, affects blood pressure)
  2. Erythropoietin increases red blood cell formation
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5
Q

Where are the kidneys located and what covers them?

A

The kidneys are located in the lumbar region, abdominal cavity (Right and left upper quadrant). the anterior is covered by peritoneum. Some protection from rib cage

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6
Q

R&L ureters are what?

A

walls that contract(smooth muscle) to conduct urine from kidney to urinary bladder by peristalsis.

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7
Q

the urinary bladder stores what?

A

the bladder stores urine and is expandable, with three openings. The detrusor(smooth) muscle contracts to release urine

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8
Q

the tube from the bladder to external orifice(opening) is called the…

A

urethra
males have a longer urethra which carries urine and semen

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9
Q

the Entry/exit for ureter and renal A&V is the…

A

Hilum

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10
Q

what produces steroid hormones of kidneys?

A

Adrenal gland cortex(outer region)

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11
Q

The medullar (inside) produces …

A

epinephrine and norepinephine

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12
Q

What covers each kidney?

A

a fibrous capsule

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13
Q

the outermost region of kidney internally is …

A

renal cortex

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14
Q

the middle region of kidney (inner) which contains pyramids and columns is…

A

renal medulla

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15
Q

the innermost region (inner) of kidney , a collection of urine from all major calyces is…

A

renal pelvis

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16
Q
  1. Urine flow:
    Wastes collected where?
A

in collecting ducts (located inside renal pyramid of renal medulla)

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17
Q

urine flow: 2
empties into minor calyx and then…

A

major calyx

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18
Q

urine flow 3
then urine drains into renal pelvis, then >

A

ureter>urinary bladder>urethra>external orifice(outside of body)

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19
Q

blood flow starts with aorta and then…>

A

renal artery>segmental artery>interlobar artery>arcuate artery> cortical radiate artery>afferent arteriole>glomerulus (capillary>efferent arteriole>peritubular capillary or vasa recta…
renal vein>inferior vena cava(exit)

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20
Q

basic structure of a nephron is…

A

microscopic system of tubules intertwined with capillaries. 1,000,000 in kidneys!! super tiny!!!

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21
Q

The basic function of nephrons is .

A

urine-producing units. it occurs through filtration, reabsorption and secretion

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22
Q

Two types of nephrons:

A

cortical(85%) and juxtamedullary

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23
Q

The cortical is located mostly in …

A

the cortex and associated with peritubular capillaries

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24
Q

the juxtamedullary is located in…

A

both cortex and medulla and associated with the vasa recta(uniform capillaries)

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25
Q

the renal cortex (only in cortex) consists of

A

glomerulus and glomerular capsule

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26
Q

Renal tubules are in both cortex and medulla. the Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is first, then

A

loop of the nephron AKA loop of Henle and then the Distal convoluted tubule(DCT)

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27
Q

multiple nephrons drain into a what?

A

collecting duct

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28
Q

the glomerular capsule is a what kind of stucture?

A

a hollow cup-like structure
1.parietal layer of simple squamous epithelium
2. visceral layer of podocytes surrounding the glomerulus (part of filtration system

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29
Q

glomerulus have what kind of capillaries?

A

fenestrated (moderately permeable capillaries
They filtrate solute-rich fluid from blood that enters the capsular space(important space)!!

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30
Q

The PCT (proximal convoluted tubule) is made up of …

A

cuboidal epithelium with dense(lots) of microvilli, proximal to corpuscle.

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31
Q

microvilli brush border increases what?

A

the surface area for reabsorption

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32
Q

DCT (distal convoluted tubule) is made of

A

cuboidal epithelium with almost no microvilli, distal to corpuscle

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33
Q

the loop of nephron is what shaped and where

A

it is U-shaped loop with descending and ascending limbs, portions may be thick or thin.

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34
Q

what is not part of the. nephron?

A

the collecting ductTh

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35
Q

the collecting duct is located where and does what?

A

located within renal pyramids and collect filtrate from many nephrons. Ducts fuse, then dump filtrate into minor calyces.
Cells regulate water balance (ADH-anti diuretic hormone)

36
Q

urine formation occurs in 3 steps within the nephrons:

A

Glomerular filtration (filter blood)
Tubular reabsorption( reabsorb into blood)
Tubular secretion (secrete out of blood)

37
Q

urine formation :
The filtration membrane has three layers which separates the blood and inside of capsule…

A
  1. Fenestrated endothelium of capillary-pores allow everything but blood cells to pass through
  2. Basement membrane (basal lamina) (glycoproteins that block or repel )large proteins
  3. Foot processes of podocytes which are membranes between processes that trap any macromolecules.
38
Q

What enters the capsular space of the nephron and becomes filtrate?

A

water, solutes nutrients(glucose, AA) nitrogenous wastes

39
Q

what remains in capillary and does not enter nephron?

A

blood cells and plasma proteins.
basically everything but blood cells and proteins are filtered

40
Q

Glomerular filtration is a passive process where blood is filtered. Filtrate enters where?

A

Filtrate enters capsular space due to hydrostatic forces.
Renal artery branches into many smaller arterioles, arteriole brings blood to glomerulus
BLOOD CELLS AND PLASMA PROTEINS REMAIN IN CAPILLARY!!!

41
Q

Glomerular filtration increases then what happens to urine?

A

urine output increases
which decreases blood and pressure

42
Q

the glomerular filtration rate is affected by what?

A

Filtration pressures
surface area and permeability

43
Q

GFR Glomerular filtration rate is highly regulated by what?

A
  1. Filtration pressure
  2. autoregulation (intrinsic control)
  3. Nervous and endocrine systems (extrinsic controls)
44
Q

GFR pressures are the same as capillary bed . They include what pressures

A

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure of glomerular capillary (GC) and vs. capsular space(CS)

45
Q

Positive Net Filtration pressure means that the …

A

outward pressure are greater than inward pressures so fluid moves out of capillary into capsular space
(the pressure has to be positive)

46
Q

Tubular reabsorption is when what happens?

A

water and solutes return to capillary(blood) from nephron tubules to peritubular capillaries.

47
Q

At the PCT (proximal convoluted tubule) what are reabsorbed into peritubular capillaries?

A

water, nutrients and ions

48
Q

Transport occurs through trans (cellular or…

A

paracellular routes

49
Q

Transport at the PCT:
Sodium (apical membrane) as part of secondary active transport and sodium at the basolateral membrane by what?

A

primary active transportNa+K+ pump)

50
Q

Glucose/amino Acids ant the apical membrane transport how?

A

secondary active transport with Na+

51
Q

Glucose/Amino Acids at the basolateral membrane is transported by what?

A

facilitated diffusion

52
Q

Things that are passively absorbed at the PCT are:

A

Lipid-soluble substances by simple diffusion

Ions (Cl-, K+) and urea through paracellular diffusion

Water by osmosis through aquaporins

53
Q

Transport at the Loop of Nephron; descending limb is impermeable to…

A

impermeable to solutes so only water is reabsorbed by osmosis. So filtrate becomes more concentrated.

54
Q

Transport at the Loop of Nephron: Ascending limb is impermeable to…

A

water so only solutes (Cl-, K+, Ma+) reabsorbed by secondary active transport so filtrate becomes less concetrated.

55
Q

Transport at the DCT and collecting duct:
This is where solutes (Na+. Ca2, by active transport) and water by osmosis, are what?

A

reabsorbed

56
Q

Transport at the collecting duct and DCT… ADH conserves what?

A

water (reabsorbed)

57
Q

DCT and collecting duct: Aldosterone conserves what?

A

Na+

58
Q

DCT and collecting duct: Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) reduces what?

A

reduces Na+

59
Q

DCT and collecting duct: PTH(parathyroid Hormone) conserves what?

A

Ca2+

60
Q

Tubular secretion is that selected substances do what?

A

leave capillaries to out nephrons from peritubular capillaries(blood) to nephron tubules

61
Q

Tubular secretion is located mostly where?

A

in PCT and some in collecting duct

62
Q

what does tubular secretion do?

A

rids the body of drugs, end product (creatinine) and undesirable substances (urea and uric acid) and excess K+
IT ALSO CONTROLS BLOOD PH THROUGH SECRETION OF H+ and HCO3-

63
Q

what is concurrent MECHANISM?

A

fluids flowing in opposite directions(limbs of LON are counter currency) and osmotic gradient is created.

64
Q

What is the purpose of countercurrent mechanism?

A

helps to maintain our water electrolyte balance in body fluids by changing urine volume and concentration.

65
Q

how does countercurrent mechanism work?

A

water is drawn to sodium and forms an osmotic concentration gradient. then, solutes leave ascending limb of LON. increased solute draws water out of descending limb. Filtrate inside LON becomes first concentrated, then dilute. Driven by positive feedback loop

66
Q

Hormone regulation: ADH hypothalamus determines urine volume and concentration where?

A

at the collecting duct

67
Q

the mechanism for hormone regulation is that …dehydration does what?

A

increases ADH which makes water more permeable.
Collecting duct reabsorbs water(more water removed from filtrate) so smaller volume, concentrated urine.

68
Q

overhydration does what?

A

decreases ADH. the collecting duct is less permeable to water because leass water removed from filtrate. so, larger volume, diluted urine.

69
Q

what are 2 cell populations of the juxtaglomerular complex and what do each regulate in the kidneys?

A

Granular cells-mechano receptors in afferent arterioles monitor BP through Renin.
Maculadensa cells- chemoreceptor cells in ascending limb of loop of nephron, monitor salt content in filtrate

70
Q

Renin angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
1. secretion of aldosteron increases Na+ reabsorption.
2. Secretion of ADH hypothalamus which increases water reabsorption
3. increased thirst
4. vasaoconstriction
what do all these do?

A

they lead to increase blood volume and pressure

71
Q

fluid-electrolyte balance maintained by three things:

A

counter current mechanism
ADH
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

72
Q

diuretics are what?

A

substances that increase urinary output.
Alcohol>inhibits release of ADH which dehydrates body
Caffeine> increases glomerular filtration, decreases sodium reabsorption
3. drugs>inhibit Na+ reabsorption in LON (destroys osmotic gradient to reabsorb water)
IF SODIUM IS NOT ABSORBED, WATER WON’T FOLLOW

73
Q

Acid-base balance maintained by what?

A

!. buffers in blood HCO3-
2. by respiratory mechanisms
3. by renal mechanisms which is the only way to rid body of acids from metabolism (excrete)

74
Q

what is micturition?

A

the act of emptying the urinary bladder

75
Q

Bladder filling in micturition initiates what?

A

stretch receptors in wall which sends impulses to spinal cord control center and gives urge to urinate

76
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of smooth muscle causes contraction (effector 1) of bladder (detrusor and does what ?

A

causes relaxation (effector 2) of internal urethral sphincter.
Next, Relaxation (effector 3) of external sphincter (voluntary) voids urine from body.

77
Q

Bladder infection is more common in females due to what?

A

Shorter urethra and is easier for external bacteria to make its way into bladder

78
Q

Pyelonephritis is an infection of what?

A

kidneys, possibly from untreated bladder infection

79
Q

kidney stones are hard granules in where?

A

in the renal pelvis due to calcium, phosphate and uric acid or protein

80
Q

What hormone conserves sodium?

A

aldosterone

81
Q

What hormone causes sodium excretion?

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

82
Q

what hormone conserves water?

A

ADH

83
Q

What hormone conserves calcium?

A

PTH

84
Q

Where does urine drain follwing the major calyx?

A

renal pelvis

85
Q

what blood vessel does blood enter directly following the gloomerulus?

A

efferent arteriole

86
Q

what are the two layers of the gomerular capsule?

A

parietal layer with simple squamous
Visceral layer with podocytes surrounding glomerulus

A&P II (6 decks)

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