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Advance Patho/Phyiso > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

When do the gonads differentiate in uterine

A

Male dependent sex hormones

6-7 weeks testes form with testosterone
6-8 weeks ovaries form in the absence of testosterone
Testes determining factor Testosterone

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2
Q

What hormone stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles

A

FSH

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3
Q

Which hormone stimulates the production of estradiol by ovaries

A

LH

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4
Q

Adrenarche

A

Increased production of adrenal androgens Occurs in both sexes

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5
Q

Gonadarche

A

Gonadal maturation
Completely separate from Adrenarche
DHEA (androgen)

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6
Q

What leads to ovulation and menstrual cycles

A

Gonadotropins and hormones

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7
Q

Which hormone stimulates the Leydig cells of the testes to produce testosterone

A

LH

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8
Q

Which hormone stimulates further growth of seminiferous tubules to increase testicular volume

A

FSH

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9
Q

Three layers of uterus

A

Perimetrium, myometrium (muscular), endometrium

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10
Q

What is the inside of the ovary

A

Medulla

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11
Q

What is the outside of the ovary

A

Cortex- contains the ovarian follicles and granulosa cells

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12
Q

When one follicle reaches maturation and discharges its ovum through the ovary termed:

A

Ovulation

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13
Q

What controls the ovarian function

A

Interaction between pituitary secretion of FSH and LH with secretion of estradiol by the ovarian follicles

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14
Q

Three estrogens

A

Estradiol
Estrone
Estriol

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15
Q

Estrone

A

Converted from androgens in the ovaries peripheral metabolite of estrone and estradiol Stimulated by LH

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16
Q

Estriol

A

The hormone of pregnancy

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17
Q

Progesterone

A

Mainly male sex hormones
Produced in small amounts in women

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18
Q

Menarche

A

First menstruation with mature ovum

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19
Q

Phases of menstruation

A

Proliferating phase- first days
Ovulation- beginning of the luteal (secretory) phase
If no implantation occurs, then menses begins

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20
Q

High level of which hormone stimulates ovum maturation

A

LH

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21
Q

Which hormone increases body temperature

A

Progesterone

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22
Q

Body temp. In the follicular phase

A

98F

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23
Q

What happens to temperature after the LH surge

A

Average temperature increases

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24
Q

What happens to body temp. At the end of the luteal phase

A

Body temp declines

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25
Breast tissue can extend into the axils known as
Tail of Spence
26
Sebaceous glands located in the areola and aid in lubrication of the nipple during lactation
Glands of Montgomery
27
Which nervous system leads to erect nipples after stimulation
Sympathetic
28
Gynecomastia
Temporary breast enlargement in males due to hormonal fluctuations
29
Which sex hormones are produced by the testes
Androgens and testosterone
30
What is the outer covering of the testes
Tunica vaginalis
31
What is the inner covering of the testes
Tunica albuginea
32
What are the seminiferous tubules
Bulk of the testes, site of sperm production Aka S tubules
33
Leydig cells purpose
Mainly male sex hormones
34
Purpose of the epididymis
Seminiferous tubules
35
Purpose of the vas deferents
Androgens and testosterone
36
Montgomery
Temporary breast enlargement in males due to hormonal fluctuations
37
Sympathetic
Bulk of the testes, site of sperm production ## Footnote Aka S tubules
38
Androgens and testosterone
Produce androgens, chiefly testosterone
39
tunica vaginalis
Comma shaped structure that curves over the posterior portion of each testis
40
tunica albuginea
Storage of sperm
41
Leydig cells purpose
Secretes fluids for sperm transport
42
Purpose of the epididymis
Creates an alkaline medium for motility and survival
43
Purpose of the vas defer-ents
Provides the source of energy for the sperm (fructose)
44
Sperm enters the pelvic cavity through the
Spermatic cord
45
What causes the penis erectile reflex
Corpora cavernous and corpus spongiform become engorged with blood
46
The ____________ causes the arterioles to dilate through the release of ________
Parasympathetic nerves Nitric oxide
47
Purpose of the prostate gland, two seminal vesicles, and two Cowper glands
Secrete prostaglandins ## Footnote Secrete mucus into the ejaculate
48
Purpose of the seminal vesicles
Secrete fluids for sperm transport
49
What is prostatic fluid
Thin, milky substance with alkaline pH
50
Bulbourethral glands
Creates clotting enzymes and fibrinolysin to help mobilize the sperm after ejaculation ## Footnote Aka Cowper glands
51
Vasectomy
Vasa deferens are severed
52
Spermatogonia
Primitive male gametes
53
Spermatogonia develop into ____________ which divide into
Spermatogonia -> primary spermatocytes ## Footnote Divide into secondary spermatocytes -> then spermatids
54
Sertoli cells
Cells found within the seminiferous tubules that provide metabolic support for the spermatids
55
Production of the male sex hormones is controlled by
The H-P-G axis
56
Where is the primary androgen for males produced
In the Leydig cells in the testes Necessary for external Virilization
57
Dihydrotestosterone purpose
Maintains biosynthesis of testosterone
58
Prolactin purpose
Acts on Leydig cells to regulate testosterone secretion
59
Purpose of LH in males
Acts on Sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis
60
Purpose of FSH in males
Secreted by the sertoli
61
Purpose of inhibit
Inhibits FSH secretion
62
Perimenopause in females
Ovaries produce high levels of estrogen
63
Definition of menopause
1 year after the cessation of menstruation
64
Ovarian changes in aging
Reproductive organ atrophy
65
Uterine changes in aging
Thinning of vaginal epithelium
66
Male reproductive aging
Decrease in size starting at 30
67
Reduced testosterone can cause
Hot flashes, breast tenderness, and migraine headaches

Advance Patho/Phyiso (3 decks)

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