Exam 4 Flashcards
(39 cards)
1
Q
Describe how the third line of defense is different from the other two
A
It produces memory and has specificity
2
Q
List the 2 major histocompatibility structures, which cells express them and which cells they present antigen to
A
- MHC-1:
expressed by: all nucleated cells
present antigen to: cytotoxic CD8 T cells - MHC-2:
expressed by: APC’s(antigen presenting cells)/ phagocytes, dendritic cells, B cells
present antigen to: CD4 helper T cells
3
Q
Where does maturation occur for B cells and T cells
A
B cells: specialized bone marrow sites
T cells: thymus
4
Q
What are the types of cells that can act as antigen presenting cells
A
macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells, phagocytic cells: travel to lymph sites to activate memory
5
Q
What is the main difference between T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells
A
1.) T helper cells: helps produce cytokines and regulates immune response- also activates cytotoxic
2.) T cytotoxic cells: travel to infection and directly kill
6
Q
List the five types of antibodies and important facts about each
A
IgE: allergies and parasites
IgD: receptor on B cells
IgM: 1st response, fixing complement because it binds to many antigens at once
IgA: in mucousal sites
IgG: secondary response, cross placenta, most prominent
7
Q
List the main characteristics of MRSA
A
- methicillin resistant staph aureus
1.) Signs & Symptoms: - raised, red, tender localized lesions
- features pus and feels hot to touch
2.) Virulence Factors: coagulase
3.) Modes of Transmission: direct & indirect
4.) Causative Agent: staph aureus
5.) Prevention/Treatment: - good hygiene
- excision of pus and antimicrobials
8
Q
List the characteristics of Measles & Diagnostic techniques
A
- maculopapular rash disease
- mainly in infants
1.) Signs & Symptoms: - flat to slightly raised bumps that erupt on head and progress to trunk
- oral lesions: Kopleks spots
2.) Virulence Factors: can cause viremia
3.) Modes of Transmission: Droplets/Direct
4.) Causative Agent: virus
5.) Prevention/Treatment: MMR vaccine @ 12-15 months & booster at 16 years, vancomycin/antibiotics
6.) Diagnostic Technique: presentation alone, ELISA blood test for measles antigen
9
Q
List the characteristics for Rubella and who it effects the most
A
- maculopapular rash disease
- relatively minor
- serious damage in utero>congenital rubella can cause deafness to fetus
1.) Signs & Symptoms: a rash of pink macules and papules
2.) Virulence Factors: inhibition of mitosis
3.) Modes of Transmission: contact with respiratory secretions
4.) Causative Agent: rubivirus
5.) Prevention/Treatment: MMR vaccine, postnatal>treatment of symptoms, congenital>no treatment
6.) Diagnostic Techniques: ELISA blood antigen test
10
Q
List the characteristics of impetigo
A
- bacterial
1.) Signs & Symptoms: superficial causing skin to flake & peel
2.) Virulence Factors: enzymes & toxins
3.) Modes of Transmission: direct & indirect contact
4.) Causative Agent: in newborns > strep pyogenes, in older children > staph aureus, or mixture
5.) Prevention/Treatment: hygiene, no treatment
11
Q
List the characteristics of Cellulitis
A
- bacterial
1.) Signs & Symptoms: pain, tenderness, swelling, warmth, and lymphangitis(red lines leading away from area visible)
2.) Virulence Factors: N/A
3.) Modes of Transmission: trauma or intro of bacteria or fungi into dermis
4.) Causative Agent: - healthy: strep pyogenes & occasionally staph aureus
- immunocompromised: any bacteria/fungi
- infants: strep group B
5.) Prevention/Treatment: oral or IV antibiotics, surgical debridement
12
Q
List the characteristics of Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome(SSSS)
A
- bacteria
- affects mostly newborns and babies
1.) Signs & Symptoms: bulbous lesions
2.) Virulence Factors: exfoliative toxins
3.) Modes of Transmission: Direct/droplet contact
4.) Causative Agent: staph aureus
5.) Prevention/Treatment: - eliminate carriers in contact with neonates
- immediate systemic antibiotics
13
Q
List the characteristics of Varicella Zoster/Chickenpox
A
- vesicular or pustular rash diseases
- virus
1.) Signs & Symptoms: fever & superficial rash that form itchy vesicles filled with clear fluid
2.) Virulence Factors: attachment to respiratory mucosa, ability to lay latent in nerve ganglia
3.) Modes of Transmission: droplet contact
4.) Causative Agent: human herpesvirus 3(HHV-3) or varicella
5.) Prevention/Treatment: vaccine, no treatment just for discomfort
14
Q
List the characteristics of Cutaneous Anthrax
A
- bacteria
1.) Signs & Symptoms: papule that becomes necrotic and later ruptures to form a painless, black eschar
2.) Virulence Factors: endospore former, capsule
3.) Modes of Transmission: endospores enter through cuts/abrasions, zoonotic infection
4.) Causative Agent: Bacillus Anthracis
5.) Treatment/Prevention: avoid contact, vaccine exists but rarely used, left untreated can be fatal
15
Q
List the characteristics of Dermatophytes(Ringworm)
A
- fungal infection/mold
1.) Signs & Symptoms: group of fungi that cause variety of body surface conditions
2.) Virulence Factors: invade and digest keratin
3.) Modes of Transmission: Indirect or direct, vehicle
4.) Causative Agents: trichophyton, microsporum, epidermophyton
5.) Prevention/Treatment: avoid contact, topical anti fungal ointment
16
Q
List of characteristics of Neonatal Conjunctivitis
A
- bacterial
1.) Signs & Symptoms: milky discharge, eye glued shut
2.) Virulence Factors: N/A
3.) Modes of Transmission: vertical, genital tract infection of mother
4.) Causative Agents: neisseria gonorrhoeae or chlamydia trachomatis
5.) Prevention/Treatment: screen mothers, topical/oral antibiotics
17
Q
List the characteristics of Bacterial Conjunctivitis
A
- bacterial
1.) Signs & Symptoms: milky discharge, eye glued shut
2.) Virulence Factors: N/A
3.) Modes of Transmission: direct/indirect
4.) Causative Agents: haemophilus influenzae most common in little kids
5.) Prevention/Treatment: Ciprofloxacin, antibiotic eye drops
18
Q
What are the 4 causative agents of meningitis
A
neisseria meningiditis, strep pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, listeria monocytogenes
19
Q
List the characteristics of Neisseria Meningitis
A
1.) Signs & Symptoms: severe headache, stiff neck, photophobia, increased WBS in CSF
2.) Virulence Factors: capsule endotoxin, IgA protease
3.) Modes of Transmission: Droplet contact
4.) Causative Agent: neisseria meningiditis
5.) Prevention/Treatment: antibiotic therapy asap, IV penicillin
6.) Diagnostic: CSF, blood, or nasopharyngeal samples
20
Q
List the characteristics of Strep Pneumoniae Meningitis
A
- most common cause in adults
1.) Signs & Symptoms: severe headache, stiff neck, photophobia, increased WBS in CSF
2.) Virulence Factors: has a polysaccharide capsule, apoptosis
3.) Modes of Transmission: droplet contact
4.) Causative Agent: streptococcus pneumoniae
5.) Prevention/Treatment: - two vaccines
- initial treatment with vancomycin + ceftriaxone
21
Q
List the characteristics of Haemophilus Influenzae Meningitis
A
- causes severe form
- globally still common in children under 5
1.) Signs & Symptoms: severe headache, stiff neck, photophobia, increased WBS in CSF
2.) Virulence Factors: capsule
3.) Modes of Transmission: droplet contact
4.) Causative Agent: haemophilus influenzae, nonserotype B străin
5.) Prevention/Treatment: vaccine
22
Q
List the characteristics of Listeria Monocytogenes Meningitis
A
- death rate highest @ 30%
1.) Signs & Symptoms: - mild nonspecific symptoms in healthy adults
- affects brain, meninges, and causes septicemia in elderly, immunocompromised, fetuses, and neonates
2.) Virulence Factors: not fastidious, intracellular growth
3.) Modes of Transmission: Vehicle(food)
4.) Causative Agents: listeria monocytogenes(gram positive)
5.) Prevention/Treatment: - adequate pasteurization temps and proper washing
- antibiotic therapy as soon as disease suspected, ampicillin
6.) Diagnostic: cold enrichment to isolate organism
23
Q
List the characteristics of Cryptococcus Neoformans Meningitis
A
- mainly in AIDS patients
yeast, opportunistic organism
1.) Signs & Symptoms: causes a chronic form of meningitis with gradual onset of symptoms, headache most common, neck stiffness
2.) Virulence Factors: capsule, melanin production
3.) Modes of Transmission: vehicle, air, bird droppings
4.) Causative Agents: cryptococcus neoformans
5.) Prevention/Treatment: steroid treatment, no prevention
24
Q
What are the most common causes of neonatal meningitis
A
- strep agalactiae(group B strep)
- E. coli
- Listeria monocytogenes
25
List the characteristics of Zika Virus
1.) Signs & Symptoms:
- adults: none, skin rash, conjunctivitis, muscle/joint pain
- babies: microcephaly(small head), vision problems, swallowing problems
2.) Virulence Factors: N/A
3.) Modes of Transmission: vector(mosquito), sexual contact, vertically in utero
4.) Causative Agents: Zika Virus
5.) Prevention/Treatment: no vaccine, supportive treatment
26
List the characteristics of Naegleria Fowleri
- protozoan/amoeba
1.) Signs & Symptoms: primary amoebic meningoencephalitis leading to massive destruction of brain & spinal tissue that results in hemorrhage and come, death occurs within a week
2.) Virulence Factors: invasiveness
3.) Modes of Transmission: vehicle, in fresh bodies of water
4.) Causative Agents: naegleria fowleri
5.) Prevention/Treatment: treatment usually futile, adequately chlorinated
27
List the characteristics of Tetanus
- bacteria
-anaerobic conditions
- mainly in elderly and IV drug abusers
1.) Signs & Symptoms: lockjaw, spastic paralysis, muscles contract uncontrollably, sardonic grin
2.) Virulent Factors: endospores, exotoxin/neurotoxin
3.) Modes of Transmission: parenteral, direct contact, accidental puncture wounds
4.) Causative Agents: Clostridium tetani
5.) Prevention/Treatment: vaccination, antitoxin therapy with human tetanus immune globulin(TIG) and also penicillin G
28
List the characteristics of Botulism
1.) Signs & Symptoms: flaccid paralysis, muscle contraction inhibited, death results from respiratory arrest, double vision
2.) Virulence Factors: botulinum toxin
3.) Modes of Transmission: vehicle, food bourne, direct contact(wound), parenteral(injection)
4.) Causative Agents: clostridium botulinum
5.) Prevention/Treatment: antitoxin, penicillin G for wound, supportive care, food hygiene
29
What is septicemia and what are the events of it
- when organisms are actively multiplying in the blood
- fever, increased breathing rate, and with gram negative organisms: endotoxic shock with a drastic drop in blood pressure, gram positive can initiate similar response when cell wall fragments get in blood
30
List the characteristics of Acute Endocarditis
1.) Signs & Symptoms: edema of feet, legs, and abdomen. similar to heart attack symptoms, anemia
2.) Virulence Factors: certain bacteria have ability to colonize normal heart valves, pieces of bacterial vegetation can break off and create emboli/blockages of vital organs
3.) Modes of Transmission: parenteral, IV drug users, surgical procedures
4.) Causative Agents: most often by staph aureus, can be enterococcus
5.) Prevention/Treatment: aseptic technique, antibiotics & possibly surgery
31
List the characteristics of Subacute Endocarditis
- symptoms will develop more slowly and are less pronounced that those of acute
1.) Signs & Symptoms: edema of feet, legs, and abdomen. similar to heart attack symptoms, anemia
2.) Virulence Factors: N/A
3.) Modes of Transmission: endogenous transfer of normal biota into bloodstream, almost always from damage to heart valves or congenital malformation
4.) Causative Agent: Strep viridans, normal biota
5.) Prevention/Treatment: Prophylactic antibiotics before, possibly surgery for treatment
32
List the characteristics for Malaria
1.) Signs & Symptoms: symptoms occur at 48 or 72 hour intervals as result of synchronous RBC rupture, hemolytic anemia, cerebral malaria(small blood vessels in brain become obstructed due to RBCs adhering to blood vessel walls, decrease in oxygen to brain)
2.) Virulence Factors: multiple life stages
3.) Modes of Transmission: biological vector(mosquito) or vertical
4.) Causative Agent: Plasmodium species/protzoans
5.) Prevention/Treatment:
- nets, repellants, weekly doses of antimalarial drugs, vaccine
- quinine
33
List the characteristics of HIV/AIDS
1.) Signs & Symptoms: weight loss, neurological changes, opportunistic infections or neoplasms(cancer)
2.) Virulence Factors: potential to cause cancer, contain reverse transcriptase
3.) Modes of Transmission: sexual contact, parenteral/blood, vertical/perinatal, breast milk
4.) Causative Agent: retrovirus in genus Lentivirus, Human Immunodeficiency virus 1 or 2
5.) Prevention/Treatment:
- avoid contact with infected sex partner, breast milk, and blood
- antiretroviral therapy
34
what is tinea barbae
ringworm of the beard
35
What is tinea corporis
ringworm of the body
36
What is tinea cruris
ringworm of the groin
37
What is tinea pedis
ringworm of the foot
38
What is tinea unguium
ringworm of the nail
39
