Final Exam Flashcards by Olivia Howard

List the possible causative agents, modes of transmission, virulence factors, diagnostic techniques, and prevention/treatment for
pharyngitis

1.) causative agents: streptococcus pyogenes
2.) modes of transmission: droplet or direct contact with mucus
3.) virulence factors: ability of surface antigens to mimic host proteins; possession of super antigens
4.) diagnostic techniques: rapid strep test, culturing of pharyngeal swab
5.) prevention/treatment:
- no vaccine, hygiene
- penicillin/antibiotics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the possible sequelae of untreated strep infections

rheumatic fever
scarlet fever
acute glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the causative agents, transmission, and symptoms of the common cold

1.) causative agents: over 200 different viruses, rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, RSV
2.) transmission: indirect, droplet
3.) symptoms: sneezing, scratchy throat, runny nose, fever in child

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the causative agents and treatment of sinusitis

1.) causative agents: various viruses, bacteria, fungi, allergies, structural abnormalities
2.) treatment: broad spectrum antibiotics for bacterial, antifungals or surgery for fungal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the causative agent, prevention, and treatment for acute otitis media

1.) causative agents: strep pneumoniae, candida auris
2.) prevention: Prevnar, vaccine
3.) treatment: “watchful waiting”, antibiotics, tympanic membrane tubes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List the possible causative agents, modes of transmission, virulence factors, diagnostic techniques, and prevention/treatment for
community-acquired pneumonia

1.) causative agents: strep pneumoniae(most common), legionella, mycoplasma, pneumoniae(walking pneumonia), SARS-CoV-2
2.) modes of transmission: droplet(strep), vehicle(legionella), droplet(mycoplasma)
3.) virulence factors: capsule(strep), resistant to chlorine(legionella), adhesins(mycoplasma)
4.) diagnostic techniques: gram stain
5.) prevention/treatment:
- vaccine for strep & COVID
- antivirals and antibiotics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the causative agents, diagnostic techniques, & prevention/treatment for healthcare-associated pneumonia

1.) causative agents: MRSA, klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa
2.) diagnostic techniques: tracheal swabs(not as useful), bronchoalveolar lavage cultures(but invasive)
3.) prevention/treatment:
- elevation of patients head, proper care of ventilators and respiratory equipment
- empiric therapy should begin as soon as hospital-associated pneumonia is suspected

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the causative agent, virulence factors, transmission, prevention/treatment of influenza

1.) causative agent: Influenza A, B, & C viruses; hemagglutinin, neuraminidase(lipoprotein)
2.) virulence factors: glycoproteins, rapid shedding of cells, cytokine storm
3.) transmission: droplet, indirect
4.) prevention/treatment:
- vaccination
- tamiflu

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is antigenic drift and antigenic shift

antigenic drift: mutation of the glycoproteins(H,N), gradually change their amino acid composition resulting in decreased ability of host memory cells to recognize them
antigenic shift: RNA exchange between different influenza viruses, occurs during confection of a host cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the causative agent, transmission, and prevention of respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)

1.) causative agent: respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)
2.) transmission: droplet and indirect contact via fomite
3.) prevention: passive antibody for high risk children

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the causative agents, transmission, diagnostic techniques, prevention/treatment of tuberculosis

1.) causative agents: mycobacterium tuberculosis
2.) transmission: droplets
3.) diagnostic techniques: mantoux test
4.) prevention/treatment:
- limited exposure, vaccine(not in US)
- longterm antibiotics; 4-9 months

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Discuss the problems associated with MDR-TB and XDR-TB

MDR-TB: people are sicker and have higher mortality
XDR-TB: few treatment options, 70% mortality rate within months of diagnosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is primary tuberculosis

bacteria multiply inside macrophages, tubercle formation in lungs, caseous lesions that heal by calcification

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is secondary tuberculosis

live bacteria can remain dormant, then reactivate; tubercles expand causing cavities in lungs; violent coughing, low-grade fever, anorexia, chest pain, untreated has 60% mortality rate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the causative agents of acute diarrhea

salmonella
shigellosis
shiga toxin producing E.coli(STEC)
campylobacter
clostridiodes difficile
vibrio cholerae
vibrio vulnificus
rotavirus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the causes of food poisoning

staph aureus
bacillus cereus
clostridium perfringens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the causes of chronic diarrhea

giardia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what classifies as acute diarrhea

three or more loose stools in 24 hours

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the signs/symptoms, modes of transmission, virulence factors, and prevention/treatment of salmonella induced diarrhea

1.) signs: vomiting, diarrhea, and mucosal irritation, possible blood
2.) modes: animal products like meat and milk
3.) virulence: endotoxin
4.) prevention/treatment:
- avoiding contact
- mild cases: fluid and electrolyte replacement
- severe: ciprofloxacin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the signs/symptoms, modes of transmission, virulence factors, and prevention/treatment of shigella induced diarrhea

1.) signs: frequent watery stools, dysentery(blood in stool), mucus in stool
2.) modes: oral, direct
3.) virulence: enterotoxin, shiga toxin
4.) prevention/treatment:
- good food hygiene
- mild: no antibiotics
- severe: ciprofloxacin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the signs/symptoms, modes of transmission, virulence factors, and prevention/treatment of shiga-toxin producing E.coli(STEC)

1.) signs: bloody diarrhea
2.) modes: contaminated or undercooked beef
3.) virulence: shiga toxin
4.) prevention/treatment:
- good food hygiene, toxin and bacteria are killed by heat
- antibiotics are contraindicated(DO NOT USE)
- plamsa transfusions to dilute toxin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the signs/symptoms, modes of transmission, virulence factors, and prevention/treatment of campylobacter induced diarrhea

1.) signs: diarrhea, fever, vomiting, may last longer than 2 weeks, also can lead to guillain barre syndrome
2.) modes: ingestion of contaminated water, milk, meat, and chicken
3.) virulence: heat labile enterotoxin
4.) prevention/treatment:
- rigid sanitary control of water and milk supplies & care in food prep
- rehydration and electrolyte balance
- maybe azithromycin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the signs/symptoms, modes of transmission, virulence factors, and prevention/treatment of clostridiodes difficile induced diarrhea

1.) signs: pseudomembranous colitis, area of necrosis in intestine, abdominal cramps
2.) modes: normal biota, able to superinfection when broad spectrum antibiotics have disrupted normal biota
3.) virulence: enterotoxins
4.) prevention/treatment:
- withdraw offending antibiotic
- isolation conditions
- difficult to eradicate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the signs/symptoms, modes of transmission, virulence factors, and prevention/treatment of vibrio cholerae induced diarrhea

Study These Flashcards

1.) signs: rice water stool, muscle cramps, severe thirst, secondary circulatory consequences like hypotension and tachycardia
2.) modes: water in warm, monsoon, alkaline, saline climate
3.) virulence: enterotoxin called cholera toxin
4.) prevention/treatment:
- sewage treatment & water purification, vaccine
- prompt replacement of water and electrolytes

What is the most likely cause of diarrhea

campylobacter

What are the signs/symptoms, transmission, and treatment/recovery for staph aureus

1.) signs: cramping, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea 2.) transmission: food handlers skin/nose 3.) treatment: no antibiotics, rapid recovery(24 hrs)

What are the signs/symptoms, transmission, and virulence factors of bacillus cereus

1.) signs: diarrhea, vomiting 2.) transmission: soil, linked to rice and pasta 3.) virulence factors: sporulating

What are the signs/symptoms, transmission, and prevention/treatment of giardia

1.) signs: long duration diarrhea, abdominal pain, flatulence 2.) transmission: vehicle/animals, fecal-oral, direct & indirect 3.) prevention/treatment: - vaccine for animals, none for humans - avoid drinking water from fresh water sources - treatment with tinidazole

When should food poisoning be suspected

if they have vomited and/or had diarrhea within 1 to 6 hours after a meal, and share symptoms with others that had the meal

How do you identify/define chronic diarrhea

lasting longer than 14 days

What is the causative agent, transmission, and signs/symptoms of gastritis/gastric ulcers

1.) causative agent: helicobacter 2.) transmission: direct, vehicle(animals), water sources 3.) signs: sharp, burning abdomen pain, bloody stools, vomiting

List the possible causative agents, modes of transmission, virulence factors, diagnostic techniques, and prevention/treatment for a urinary tract infection

1.) causative agents: E. coli (80%), and staph saprophyticus 2.) transmission: GI tract to urinary system; normal biota, or environment 3.) virulence: adhesions/motility 4.) diagnostic: culture based 5.) prevention/treatment: -hygiene, limit catheters - antibiotics

what is cystitis

infection of the urinary bladder

what is pyelonephritis

infection of the kidneys

what is urethritis

infection limited to the urethra

List the possible causative agents, modes of transmission, diagnostic techniques, virulence factors, and prevention/treatment for gonorrhea

1.) causative agents: neisseria gonorrhoeae 2.) transmission: sexually, vertical 3.) diagnosis: catalase, carb enzymes, oxidase 4.) virulence: IgA protease 5.) prevention/treatment: - no vaccine, use condoms - treating both gonorrhea and chlamydia, urgent threat for antibiotic resistance, reportable disease

what is the current outlook for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis in the U.S

are at their highest rates ever

What are the discharge diseases and what does that mean

- trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, chlamydia - infectious agent causes an increase in fluid discharge

List the symptoms for male and female gonorrhea

1.) Male - urethritis, painful urination, yellow discharge, a lot are asymptomatic 2.) Female - mucus/bloody discharge, painful urination, major complications if it ascends to higher reproductive structures: salpingitis(inflam. of fallopian tubes), PID(pelvic inflammatory disease), buildup of scar tissue

What are the more severe consequences of gonorrhea for women and children

- meningitis, endocarditis, gonococcus can disseminate to the joints and skin/gonococcal arthritis - gonococcal eye infections in babies

List the possible causative agents, modes of transmission, diagnostic techniques, virulence factors, and prevention/treatment for chlamydia

1.) causative agents: C. trachomatis, lives inside host cells 2.) transmission: sexual & vertical 3.) diagnostic: NAAT tests 4.) virulence: dont need to know 5.) prevention/treatment: - avoid contact, condom use - doxycyline and azithromycin

what is the most common reportable infectious disease in the U.S

chlamydia

What are the signs and symptoms of chlamydia in males and females

1.) Males - inflammation of urethra, untreated can lead to epididymitis, discharge and painful urination 2.) Females - cervicitis, discharge, salpingitis, PID(more likely than gonorrhea), 75% are asymptomatic

What happens to babies with mothers that have chlamydia

eye infections and pneumonia, conjunctivitis

What is the difference between vaginosis and vaginitis

vaginitis includes inflammation of the vagina and vaginosis is similar but does not include inflammation

What are the signs/symptoms, causative agent, and implications of vaginitis

1.) signs: vaginal itching, burning, discharge, and inflammation 2.) causative: candida albicans/yeast infection 3.) implications: if in bloodstream, high mortality rates, AIDS patients at risk

What is the causative agent, signs/symptoms, and typical population of vaginosis

1.) causative: gardnerella species and a mixed infection with mobiluncus 2.) signs: discharge, fishy odor 3.) population: common in women of childbearing age

What are the symptoms and type of microorganism is trichomonas vaginalis

1.) symptoms: asymptomatic, white to green frothy discharge 2.) protozoa

What are the genital ulcer diseases

syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes

what stages of syphilis are transmissible

primary and secondary

what are the characteristics of primary syphilis

- appearance of hard chancre at site of entry - spirochete has entered circulation and is in a period of tremendous activity

what are the characteristics of secondary syphilis

- appears 3 weeks to 6 months after chancre heals - peculiar red or brown rash - lesions contain viable spirochetes - major complications linger for months to years

what are the characteristics of tertiary syphilis

- can last 20 years or longer - numerous pathologic complications occur in susceptible tissues and organs, cardiovascular syphilis, tumors/gummas

What are the consequences of congenital syphilis

inhibits fetal growth and disrupts critical periods of development

What is the causative agents, virulence factors, and diagnostic techniques for syphilis

1.) causative: treponema pallidum(spirochete) 2.) virulence: strict parasite, cultivation in living host cells 3.) diagnostic: rapid plasmin reagin test

What are the signs/symptoms, causative agent, transmission, and virulence factors of genital herpes

1.) signs: asymptomatic, small vesicles filled with clear fluid, recurrent episodes 2.) causative agents: - HSV-1: oral mucosa/cold sores - HSV-2: genital virus 3.) transmission: direct exposure, more common than chlamydia and gonorrhea 4.) virulence factors: can become latent

What are the signs/symptoms, virulence factors, transmission, diagnosis, and prevention/treatment for HPV

1.)signs: warts(can occur on vulva, around vagina, on penis or scrotum, and on anus) 2.) virulence factors: activate oncogenes(code for proteins resulting in uncontrolled growth) 3.) transmission: direct, indirect 4.) diagnosis: pap smear 5.) prevention/treatment: - avoid direct contact - vaccination - untreatable

Identify the important risk group for Group B strep

infants/neonates

how many types of HPV are associated with cervical and anal cancer

5 types

Final Exam Flashcards

(59 cards)