exam 4

Question 1

what is personality

Answer 1

Individual’s characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and
acting

Question 2

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 2

Behavior is an interaction between
our conscious and unconscious mind

Question 3

ID

Answer 3

pleasure principle

Question 4

EGO

Answer 4

reality principle

Question 5

SUPEREGO

Answer 5

conscience

Question 6

oral stage

Answer 6

birth to one year
mouth

Question 7

anal stage

Answer 7

1-3 years
bowel and bladder control

Question 8

phallic stage

Answer 8

3-6 years
genitals

Question 9

latent stage

Answer 9

6-puberty
libido inactive

Question 10

genital stage

Answer 10

puberty-death
maturing sexual interests

Question 11

regression

Answer 11

Retreating to an earlier psychosexual
stage, where energy remains fixated

Question 12

reaction formation

Answer 12

Switching unacceptable impulses into
their opposite; “acting fake”

Question 13

projection

Answer 13

Pushing your own threatening
impulses onto others

Question 14

rationalization

Answer 14

justifying actions in the place of real,
threatening unconscious reasons

Question 15

displacement

Answer 15

shifting unacceptable impulses
toward a more acceptable one

Question 16

denial

Answer 16

Refusing to believe painful realities

Question 17

Freuds contribution

Answer 17

introduced ideas about the unconscious mind, defense mechanism, and the importance of early childhood experiences

Question 18

Freuds critiques

Answer 18

his theory is often criticized for being untestable, overly focused in sexuality, and not representative of all our cultures or genders

Question 19

Humanistic theory of personality

Answer 19

Emphasize the way people strive for self-determination and self-realization
Key Figures: Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

Question 20

self-actualization

Answer 20

desire to become the most one can be

Question 21

esteem

Answer 21

respect, self-esteem, status recognition, strength, freedom

Question 22

love and belonging

Answer 22

friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection

Question 23

safety needs

Answer 23

personal security, employment, resources, health and property

Question 24

physiological needs

Answer 24

air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction

Question 25

Openess

Answer 25

Curious, creative, original, open to new experiences

Question 26

neuroticism

Answer 26

Anxious, irritable, moody, emotional

Question 27

consciencetiousness

Answer 27

Organized, punctual, achievement-oriented

Question 28

agreeableness

Answer 28

Kind, trusting, warm, sensitive, friendly

Question 29

extraversion

Answer 29

Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive

Question 30

Reciprocal determinism:

Answer 30

behavior, personality traits, and environmental all influence each other

Question 31

Individualist:

Answer 31

cultures that place an emphasis on independence, assertiveness, and individuality

Question 32

Collectivist

Answer 32

cultures that place an emphasis on group cohesion, connectedness, and group membership

Question 33

James-Lange Theory

Answer 33

Arousal → Emotion Awareness of bodily responses to emotional stimuli

Question 34

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 34

Arousal + Emotion occur together ○ Emotional stimuli trigger bodily responses and simultaneous subjective experience

Question 35

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

Answer 35

○ Arousal + Conscious Cognitive Label = Emotion ○ Spillover effect

Question 36

Problem-focused coping

Answer 36

Changing the stressor directly

Question 37

Emotion-focused coping

Answer 37

Ignoring or avoiding the stressor

Question 38

internal locus of control

Answer 38

believe they are in control and take responsibility for their own actions

Question 39

external locus of control

Answer 39

blame external forces for their own circumstances

Question 40

Pessimists:

Answer 40

expect things to go badly; attribute poor performance to lack of ability

Question 41

Optimists

Answer 41

expect to have more control and cope better with stressful events

Question 42

Fundamental Attribution Error:

Answer 42

tendency to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate personal disposition

Question 43

Cognitive dissonance theory:

Answer 43

conflicting attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors that produces a feeling of discomfort, leading to an alteration to reduce the discomfort

Question 44

Social loafing:

Answer 44

putting in less effort in a group than by yourself ○ Example: the slackers in group projects

Question 45

Group polarization:

Answer 45

group decisions that are more extreme than the average of the group's initial attitudes ○ Example: social media

Question 46

Social facilitation:

Answer 46

doing better when others are around

Question 47

Deindividuation

Answer 47

loss of self-awareness when in a group

Question 48

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Answer 48

getting someone to agree to a large request by having them agree to small requests first ■ Example: asking your friend to borrow a pencil, then asking them to buy you a coffee

Question 49

Groupthink:

Answer 49

desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional outcome

Question 50

Outgroup homogeneity

Answer 50

perception of out-group members as more similar to one another

Question 51

Ingroup bias:

Answer 51

favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members

Question 52

Scapegoat theory:

Answer 52

tendency to blame someone else for one’s own problems

Question 53

Mere exposure effect

Answer 53

people tend to develop liking for things simply because they are familiar with them

Question 54

Proximity effect:

Answer 54

tendency for individuals to form interpersonal relations with those who are close by