exam 5 Flashcards by tember hadawy

Psychology

the science of behavior and mental processes

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Key figures

Wundt, James, Mary whitborn,
Margret Floy, frued, pavolv

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Structuralism:

used introspection to reveal structure of human mind. wudnt and titchner

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Functionalism

explored how mental and behavioral processes function
Key figures: James and Darwin

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Behaviorism:

psychology should be objective, study behavior and not mental processes
Watson and skinner

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Psychoanalysis:

how our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect behavior.
Freud

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Humanism

a perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole individual and stresses concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization

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Hindsight bias

the tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it “knew it all along phenomenon”

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Overconfidence-

Being more confident than we are correct- the tendency to think we know more that what we do

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Need for patterns

Humans have the tendency to find patterns in randomness

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Hypothesis

testable prediction, often implied by a theory

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Confounding variable

other factors that might influence a study’s results

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case study

Observing one individual or small group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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Naturalistic observation

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation

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Survey

Self- report attitudes or behaviors of a particular group usually by questioning a representative, random sample

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Correlation

the extent to which two factors vary together; how well either factor predicts the other

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experiment

A research method in which an investigator manipulates 1+ factor (independent variable) to observe the effect on some other factor (dependent variable) using random

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Independent variable:

the factor that is being manipulated

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Control group:

the group not exposed to treatments serves as comparison

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Correlation coefficient

a statistical index of the relationship between 2 things (from -1.00 to +1.00)

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soma/cell body

contains the nucleus, the cells life support center, what makes the neuron work

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dendrites

branching extensions that receive and integrate messages, conducting impulse to the cell body

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axon

passes messages from the branches of the neuron to other neurons

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meylin

fatty tissue incasing the neurons

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Central nervous system

receiving, processing, and responding to sensory information

autonomic

Parasympathetic nervous system (“rest and digest”) * Sympathetic nervous system (“fight or flight”)

Somatic

sensory Motor

Classical conditioning

Associative learning: occurs when 2 things become paired

Operant Conditioning

Learning from the consequences of ou actions A behavior is strengthened i reinforced or decreased if punished

Positive reinforcement:

increases behavior by presenting something ewarding Giving a dog a treat for doing tricks

Negative reinforcement

increases behavior by stopping/ reducing a negative stimuli

accommodation

adapting our current understandings to incorporate new information

assimilation

interpreting new experiences in terms of our existing experiences

sensorimorter stage

Ages birth - 2 years object permanence

pre operational

6-7 represent things with images Egocentrism

concrete operational stage

7-11 start to grasp some mental operations Conservation

formal operational stage

12+ reasoning expands to encompass more abstract thinking

secure

confident, reciprocal, non-reactive, resilient

avoidant

Isolation, ambiguity, ambivalent, emotionally-distant

anxious

emotional, hunger, lack of nurturing

disorganized

internal conflict, dramatic, unpredictable

authoritarian

focus on obidience, punishment over discipline

authoritative

created positive relationship, enforce rules

permissive

don't enforce rules "kids will be kids"

neglectful

provides little guidance, nurturing, or attention

adolescence stage

identity vs role confusion "who am I"

consciousness

subjective awareness of ourselves and our enviorment

change blindness

failure to notice change in our environment

REM

rapid eye movement when dreams usually occur

narcolepsy

"sleep attacks"

meta cognition

tracking and evaluating mental processes "thinking about thinking"

prototype

prime example of a category

algorithm

step-by-step process often slower but les error prone

Heuristics

mental shortcut speedier but more error prone

fixed ratio

specific number of responses

variable ratio

unpredicted number of responses

fixed interval

specific time

variable interview

unpredicted time

explicit memory

facts(semantic) and experiences (episodic) conscious

implicit memory

skills, associations, "muscle memory" unconscious

encoding

perceiving information and creating a memory

storage

placing and keeping memories

retrieval

brining memories back into awareness

sensory

immediate and very brief

short term

conscious, active processing

log term

permanent, limitless

iconic memory

sounds

echoic memory

sounds

sensation

how our sensory receptors and nervous system receive energy from our enviorment

perception

how our brain organizes and interprets the sensory information

Amplitude

(height) determines frequency

length

(frequency) determines pitch

cochlea

fluid filed tube in the ear

personality

Individual’s characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting

4 ds

deviance, dysfunction, distress, danger,

medical model

disorders have physical causes that can be treated, or can even be cured through treatment

biosychosocial

biological, psychological, and social causes interact to produce disorders.

DSM pros

standardization for criteria, direction for treatment, can give validation

DSM Cons

stigma of labels, over-pathologizing behaviors, subjective

Mental illness risk factors

abuse, poverty, significant life changes, failure or loss of relationship, biological perisposition

mental illness protective factors

social support, coping skills, opportunity and security, positive self-esteem, feelings of control

exam 5 Flashcards

(81 cards)