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exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Defining “abnormal”

A

Cognitive model- abnormal thoughts or beliefs
Sociocultural model- violations of local social norms
Biological model-changes in biological functioning
Abnormality is inextricably attached to cultural norms, expectations, and laws

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2
Q

Thomas Szasz

A

The Myth of Mental Illness
-argued that the mental disorder classification system is an attempt by society to control those who are different, criticized the system of involuntary commitment
-criticized medical model as turning people into passive patients instead of active controllers of their own lives
-preferred the term “problems in living”

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3
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

A

the standard reference manual for disorder diagnosis and classification
Advantages:
-can be useful when properly used for diagnosis and treatment of disorders
-provides systematic structure for future research and insurance reimbursement
Criticisms:
-number of disorders INCREASED with each new addition
-providing classifications may lead to OVERDIAGNOSIS (ADHD, MPD/DID), PD-NOS is most commonly diagnosed disorder-despite there being 400 defined disorders, particularly a concern with newer DIMENSIONAL approach and RISK SYNDROMES
-gives the illusion of OBJECTIVITY
still subject to individual judgement, cultural norms( homosexuality), circumvention (NOS diagnosis)

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4
Q

Phobias

A

an exaggerated, unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity, or object

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5
Q

agoraphobia

A

a set of phobias, often set off by a panic attack involving the basic fear of being away from a safe place of person

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6
Q

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

A

when a person who has experienced traumatic events has symptoms such as numbing, reliving or trauma, detachment, relationship challenges, self-destructive behaviors
-military service-sexual abuse-9/11-1st responders

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7
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A

person feels trapped in repetitive, persistent thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive, ritualized behaviors (compulsions) designed to reduce anxiety
-person understands that the ritual behavior is senseless but guilt and anxiety increase if not performed- cleanliness v contamination

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8
Q

Biological theory of depression

A

genetics and brain chemistry

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9
Q

Social theory of depression

A

the stressful circumstances of people’s lives

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10
Q

Attachment theory of depression

A

problems with close relationships

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11
Q

Cognitive theory of depression

A

negative/maladaptive habits of thinking or interpreting events (learned helplessness)

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12
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

a mood disorder in which a person alternates between episodes of depression and mania (excessive euphoria)
-driven primarily by brain chemistry

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13
Q

Narcissistic

A

a personality disorder characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance and self-absorption

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14
Q

Paranoid

A

a personality disorder characterized by habitually unreasonable and excessive suspiciousness and jealousy

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15
Q

Borderline

A

intense but unstable relationships, fear of abandonment, unrealistic self-image, emotional volatility, self-destructive behavior

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16
Q

Antisocial

A

a personality disorder characterized by antisocial behavior such as lying, stealing, manipulating others, and sometimes violence; and a lack of guilt, shame, and empathy

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17
Q

Schizophrenia

A

group of psychotic disorders marked by positive and negative symptoms that indicate a distorted perceptive of reality

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18
Q

Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

something abnormal is present
-delusions, hallucinations, incoherent speech, inappropriate behavior

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19
Q

Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

something normal is absent
-lack of affect, loss of motivation, social withdrawal
- may be grouped to form an overall state of catatonia- lack of movement, communication or excessive activity and confusion

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20
Q

Delusions

A

false beliefs that often accompany schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

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21
Q

Hallucinations

A

sensory experiences that occur in the absence of actual stimulation

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22
Q

Diathesis-stress model

A

-environmental stressors can trigger physical vulnerabilities
-vulnerability may be genetic
*strong correlations in twin studies
-vulnerability may be brain abnormality
*research suggests prenatal neural differences
*synaptic pruning in adolescence may trigger early episodes
-vulnerability in neurotransmitter levels
*dopamine, glutamate

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23
Q

dopamine

A

can affect movement and emotion

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24
Q

glutamate

A

major excitatory neurotransmitter

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25
Biological treatments
involve the use of drugs, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), brain surgery or other methods that affect body or brain chemistry CONCERNS -some effects overstated due to publication bias -placebo effect -increasing off label prescription *side effect are possibly worse than disorder symptoms
26
Off label prescriptions
bad with lithium and antipsychotics, leading to high relapses and dropout rates long term effects -addiction-diabetes- tardive dyskinesia tardive dyskinesia- disorder that results in involuntary repetitive body movements, which may include grimacing, sticking out the tongue or smacking the lips, which occurs following treatment with medication
27
frontal lobotamy
-destroys or separates parts of the frontal lobes -stops strong emotional reactions, leads to flat affect- severely restricted or nonexistent expression of emotion -also can interfere with other frontal lobe functions- planning, socially appropriate behavior
28
Antonio Moniz's Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
-used in cases of severe major depression -ineffective for other conditions -initiated by Ugo Cerletti in 1937 -produces retrograde amnesia for the procedure itself -widely used today -criticized as a tool more of control than treatment
29
Antipsychotic drugs
-block or reduce sensitivity or brain receptors that respond to dopamine -some increase serotonin, a neurotransmitter that inhibits dopamine activity -can relieve positive symptoms of schizophrenia but are ineffective or worsen negative symptoms -side effects are weight gain, diabetes -increasing prescribed off label
30
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (Nardil, Parnate)
elevate norepinephrine/ serotonin in brain by blocking an enzyme that deactivates them
31
Tricyclic antidepressants (Elavil, Tofranil)
boost norepinephrine and serotonin in brain by preventing normal reuptake of these substances
32
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
an inhibitory neurotransmitter
33
Anti- Anxiety (Tranquilizers)
-developed for the treatment of anxiety -developed for shorter term use, with high relapse rate when people stop taking them -over prescription and long term use can lead to addiction Xanax, valium
34
Psychodynamic therapy
-uses various techniques to explore the unconscious as a route to identifying and solving problems -dream analysis
35
Free association
a method of uncovering unconscious conflicts by saying freely whatever comes to mind
36
Transference
client transfers unconscious emotions or reactions onto therapists (conflicts about prevents)
37
Behavioral methods
apply principles and techniques of classical and operant conditioning to help people change self defeating or problematic behaviors -systematic desensitization -behavioral self-monitoring (via diaries) -aversive conditioning- punishing undesirable behaviors
38
Cognitive therapy
aim is to have people identify and understand maladaptive thought patterns, then change them to improve their life -Albert Ellis's Rational- Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT): therapist and client actively challenge existing beliefs -Aaron Beck's Cognitive Therapy examines interconnection of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
39
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
an integrative approach with a goal of using behavioral methods to change cognitions -helps build self-efficacy *Individual's belief about their own ability to perform a task
40
Humanistic therapy
-emphasizes people's free will to change -often is nondirective, with the goal that the client should solve the problems themselves
41
self instructional methods
such as self-talk, can help restructure cognitive habits over time
42
client/person-centered therapy (Carl Rogers)
emphasizes empathy with client, seeing the world as the client does, unconditional positive regard
43
Reflective listening
-therapists will rephrase/ repeat back what the client is saying, to guide toward insight
44
Family- system perspective
therapy with individuals or families that focuses on how each member forms part of a larger interacting system
45
Group therapies
ADVANTAGES -can be lead by a professional to show people that they are not alone in their problems-can learn from the growth of others-less expensive DISADVANTAGES -lacks confidentiality- requires a skilled facilitator to avoid social issues like groupthink
46
Evaluating therapies
success hinges on -client and therapist having a therapeutic alliance -therapists being culturally competent for client population -client being motivated to change - improvements have to be monitored up to the point where it levels off
47
Industrial psychology
studies job and applicant characteristics, and how to match them; also studies employee training and performance appraisal
47
scientist practitioner gap
-a substantial, serious disconnect between scientist who research and those who practice -practitioners often disregard scientific evidence as not relevant to their personalized approaches -this leads to perpetuation of misdiagnosis and useless or harmful treatment methods -scientists may undervalue the individual human elements of therapy, overemphasize one size fits all approach
48
Organizational psychology
studies interactions between people working in organizations and effects of those interactions on productivity
49
Human factors psychology
studies how workers interact with the tools of work and how to design those tools to optimize workers' productivity, safety, and health
50
Hawthorne Effect
an increase in productivity by employees who are being observed by a researcher or supervisor
51
task oriented employee selection
lists in detail the tasks that will be performed for the job
52
worker oriented employee selection
describes characteristics required of the worker to successfully perform the job (knowledge, skills, abilities)
53
orientation employee training
to organizational policies, practices, culture
54
mentoring employee training
informal or formal mentoring by an experienced employee can be beneficial to long term success, satisfaction, and productivity
55
Performance appraisals
may focus on defines job responsibilities and specific goals agreed upon between employee and supervisor employee eval is a challenging aspect of a workplace culture
56
Organizational culture
the values, visions, hierarchies, norms, and interactions among its employees - 3 layers
57
observable artifacts
symbols of language (jargon, slang, humor), narratives (stories and legends), and practices (rituals) that represent the underlying cultural assumptions
58
Espoused values
concepts/ beliefs that management or entire organization endorses
59
basic assumptions
usually unobservable and unquestioned
60
transactional leadership
focuses on supervision and organizational goals achieved through a system of rewards and punishments; maintenance of the organizational status quo
61
transformational leadership
leaders are charismatic role models, inspirational (optimistic about goal attainment), intellectually stimulating, and seek to change the organization
62
scientific management
research found 2 different managerial syles
63
theory x
manager assumes workers are inherently lazy and unproductive; managers must have control and use punishments
64
theory y
manager assumes workers are people who seek to work hard and productively; managers and workers can find creative solutions to problems; workers do not need to be controlled and punished
65
team halo effect
teams get credited for team success, individuals within teams get blamed for team failures
66
Panic disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurring panic attacks, feelings of impending doom or death, accompanies by physiological symptoms such as rapid breathing and dizziness
67
major depressive disorder
a mood disorder involving -disturbances in emotion (excessive sadness) -behavior (loss of interest in usual activities -cognition (thoughts of hopelessness) -body function (fatigue and loss of appetites) -affects more women than men
68
persistent depressive disorder
more chronic than major depressive disorder, but may have lower severity of symptoms
69
personality disorder
rigid, maladaptive patterns that cause personal distress or an inability to get along with others
70
Dissociative Identity disorder
disorder marked by the appearance with one person of 2 or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits
71
Sociocognitive explanation for DID
disorder is not an actual fragmenting of the identity or multiples personalities, but is simply an extreme manifestation of the different roles we all hold
72
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
also inhibit reuptake of serotonin to boost levels- Prozac
73
How ABILIFY is thought to work
by adjusting dopamine activity, instead of completely blocking it and by adjusting serotonin activity
74
dopamine
can affect movement and emotion
75
glutamate
major excitatory neurotransmitter

psy 120 (2 decks)

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