Exam 4

Question 1

What are the 3 Types of relationships?

Answer 1

unrelated, linear, and curvilinear

Question 2

What are unrelated relationships?

Answer 2

this means the variables are not related

Question 3

What is a positive linear relationship?

Answer 3

this means that both variables move the same direction. if 1 variable increases, the other increases. OR if 1 variable decreases, the other decreases.

Question 4

What is a negative linear relationship?

Answer 4

this means that when 1 variable increases, the other decrease. And vice versa.

Question 5

What is a curvilinear relationship?

Answer 5

this means that there are constant changes in the variables between positive and negative. The line looks like a curve.

Question 6

What is a spurious relationship?

Answer 6

just because there is a high correlation relationship does not mean there is meaning.

Question 7

What do plots of relationships show?

Answer 7

create a visual image of the way the variables may or may not be related.

Question 8

What type of correlation test should be run on nominal data?

Answer 8

Cramer’s V

Question 9

What type of correlation test should be run on ordinal data?

Answer 9

Spearman Rho

Question 10

What type of correlation test should be run on interval data?

Answer 10

Pearson r

Question 11

What type of correlation test should be run on ratio data?

Answer 11

Pearson r

Question 12

What type of correlation test should be run with nominal & ratio/ interval data?

Answer 12

point B-serial

Question 13

What is correlation?

Answer 13

this means that there is a statistically significant relationship between 2 variables. This does not imply causation.

Question 14

What is the range of possible correlation values?

Answer 14

-1 … 0 … +1

Question 15

What does -.80 correlation mean compared to a +.80 correlation?

Answer 15

-.80 means that there is no correlation relationship, and +.80 means that there is a high correlation relationship.

Question 16

What is the difference between correlation and causation?

Answer 16

correlation means a variable has some influence on another variable while causation implies 1 variable directly causes 1 variable

Question 17

What are the 5 levels of significant correlation measurements?

Answer 17

<.20 = slight, almost negative relationship
.20 - .40 = low correlations, definitive but small relationship
.40 - .70 = moderate correlation, substantial relationship
.70 - .90 = high correlation, marked relationship
>.90 = very high correlation, very dependable relationship

Question 18

What are the steps of the Pearson’s r formula?

Answer 18

Find the mean for each group (x and y)
Find the deviation scores (score minus mean)
Square the deviation scores (x2, y2)
Multiply the deviation scores (xy)
Get the sum of x2, y2, and xy
Degree of freedom (n-2) ⇒ n is the number of pairs

Question 19

If the r is -0.56, df =3, and the critical value is .878, is there a significant correlation?

Answer 19

Research shows there is no significant correlation between x and y.

Question 20

What is multiple correlation?

Answer 20

Test done to determine if 2 or more variables are related to 1 variable.

Question 21

What is a partial correlation?

Answer 21

looks at the relationship between 2 (x and y) variables while taking into consideration that there is also a relationship between x and z.

Question 22

What is r2?

Answer 22

the percentage of the correlation between variables.

Question 23

What is a beta weight and what does it show?

Answer 23

when multiple IV variables can have an impact on DV. The beta weight is the IV that has the most effect on the DV.

Question 23

What is R2?

Answer 23

The coefficient of multiple determination. It shows the amount of correlation between x,y, and z.

Question 24

operational definitions

Answer 24

meaning is constructed by defining what activities are needed to measure it (i.e love = you do these nice things); concrete

Question 25

Conceptual

Answer 25

Dictionary-like definitions that describes a concept with other terms (i.e argumentative = to debate); abstract

Question 26

What is validity?

Answer 26

The degree of accuracy that a researcher is measuring what they claim to be measuring

Question 27

What is reliability?

Answer 27

To be consistent and stable 70% or 1.0

Question 28

What is variance

Answer 28

the average distance of the scores in a distribution in square units

Question 29

What is the variance formula?

Answer 29

Σ(x-ẋ)2/ N

Question 30

What are the Steps for calculation variance?

Answer 30

1. Get mean 2. Subtract each score from the mean 3. Square the difference 4. Add them all up 5. Divide by the total # of variables

Question 31

What is standard deviation?

Answer 31

average from the mean in original measurement units

Question 32

What is the Standard deviation formula?

Answer 32

√variance ⇒ you take the square root of the variance score

Question 33

What are Inferential statistics?

Answer 33

statistical procedures that allow you to make claims about a population based on sample characteristics

Question 34

What is the The Normal Curve?

Answer 34

o chance events in large quantities tend to distribute themselves in the form of a bell curve o Theoretically mean, median, mode all occur in the same place o The sides never touch the base lines o Probability

Question 35

What are the percentages that fall between each standard deviation on the normal curve?

Answer 35

2.1%, 13.5%, 34.1%, 34.1%, 13.5%, 2.1% -68.2%, 99.4%, 99.7%

Question 36

What is Skewness as it relates to the Normal Bell Curve?

Answer 36

skewness means that there is unequal distribution of data because of extreme scores

Question 37

How is skewness determined?

Answer 37

Skewness is distributed to the side where the extreme score are (left = negative; right = positive)

Question 38

What is Kurtosis?

Answer 38

height (tall or short) of curve bell tells you how the scores are distributed in the curve bell

Question 39

What is Leptokurtic distribution?

Answer 39

curve is tall ⇒ this tells you that scores are relatively similar

Question 40

What is Mesokurtic distribution?

Answer 40

curve is normal

Question 41

What is Platykurtic distribution?

Answer 41

curve is short ⇒ this means that scores are all over the place

Question 42

What is the industry standard for what researchers should use as a p value in analyzing statistical results?

Answer 42

5% that a researcher is wrong

Question 43

What difference test is used for nominal questions?

Answer 43

chi-square

Question 44

What difference test is used for ordinal questions?

Answer 44

median test

Question 45

What difference test is used for interval or ratio questions?

Answer 45

t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Question 46

What are the 4 steps for a one-variable chi-square test?

Answer 46

oList the observed frequency (O) for each category oList the expected frequency (E) for each category (to calculate this, divide the # of observations by the total # of categories oFor each category: -subtract the expected from the observed (O-E). oSquare the difference. oDivide the difference with the expected frequency (E) oAdd up the results for each category to get the chi-square value

Question 47

What are the two types of t-tests and for what type of data is it used?

Answer 47

Paired t-test and independent sample t-test. It is used for interval and ratio data

Question 48

What is a paired t-test and an example?

Answer 48

a test used to compare results of a pretest and post test. For example, what is the height difference of a person at age 5 versus the height of a person at age 15

Question 49

What is an independent sample t-test and an example?

Answer 49

a test used to compare 2 groups. For example, what is the height difference between 5 males and 5 females

Question 50

What are the 4 steps for calculating an independent t-test?

Answer 50

oCalculate the mean for each group. oCalculate the standard deviation for each group oCalculate the degree of freedom oApply to the formula

Question 51

What is the difference between the grouping variable (IV) and the dependent variable in an ANOVA study?

Answer 51

the IV represents the way people/ texts are grouped/ classified (e.g. group 1, 2, 3). The DV represents the variable that is being tested to see if there is a difference among the groups (e.g. level of confidence)