Exam 4

Question 1

What are the 3 muscle types?

Answer 1

1. cardiac
2. skeletal
3. smooth

Question 2

striated

Answer 2

striated - have lines
ex. cardiac, skeletal muscles
non ex. smooth muscles lines

Question 2

Muscle fibers

Answer 2

cells that have 1k-2k myofibrils

Question 3

skeletal muscles

Answer 3

made of 100-200 bundled units of muscle cells called fascicles

Question 3

fasciles

Answer 3

bundles of 50-80 muscle cells called muscle fibers

Question 4

H bands

Answer 4

distance between actin filaments, shortens/disappears

Question 4

I bands

Answer 4

distance between Z discs and myosin filaments, shortens

Question 5

Sliding filament model

Answer 5

Myosin motor proteins bind to the actin
Myosin motor proteins pull the actin filaments closer together (power strokes)
The actin filaments slide down the myosin filaments
Each power stroke costs 1 ATP/motor protein

Question 6

2 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Answer 6

1. slow-twitch fibers
2. fast-twitch fibers

Question 7

slow-twitch fibers

Answer 7

generate full contractions slowly but are resistant to fatigue
Dark red

Question 8

fast-twitch fibers

Answer 8

generate full contractions quickly but fatigue more quickly
White

Question 9

Postural muscles

Answer 9

maintain continuous contractions and are slow to fatigue
Have a higher % of slow-twitch fibers

Question 10

Bicep muscles

Answer 10

generate full contractions quickly but fatigue quickly
Have higher % of fast-twitch

Question 11

Immediate system

Answer 11

uses existing ATP supplies and ATP regenerated using phosphocreatine
Lasts 30 seconds
Creatine kinase: transfers a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP

Question 12

Glycolytic system

Answer 12

metabolizes available carbs to generate ATP
Lasts 10-15 min

Question 13

Oxidative system

Answer 13

metabolizes stored carbs and fats to generate ATP
Lasts until muscle failure

Question 14

Circulatory system

Answer 14

transport materials around the body

Question 15

3 parts of circulatory system

Answer 15

Muscular pump: the heart
Fluid: blood or hemolymph
Series of conduits: vessels

Question 16

Open Circulatory Systems

Answer 16

Fluid exits the vessels
Diffuses through the tissues
Then returns to the heart and vessels

Question 17

close circulatory system

Answer 17

Circulates through a continuous system of vessels

Question 18

Heart Chambers

Answer 18

1. atria
2. ventricals

Question 19

atria

Answer 19

chambers that receive blood and send it to a ventricle

Question 20

ventricles

Answer 20

chambers that receive blood from the atria and send that blood to be oxygenated and/or circulated through the body

Question 20

Pulmonary circuit

Answer 20

blood goes from heart → lungs → heart

Question 21

System Circuit

Answer 21

Blood goes from the heart → body → heart

Question 22

Precapillary sphincters (PCS)

Answer 22

smooth muscles that regulate blood flow into capillary beds

Question 23

Relaxation of PCS

Answer 23

increases blood flow into a capillary bed

Question 24

Contraction of PCS

Answer 24

decreases blood flow into a capillary bed

Question 25

Pressure varies throughout the circulatory system

Answer 25

Arteries/arterioles - Highest pressure - Large pulse pressure Capillaries -Lower pressure -Slower flow Veins -Lowest pressure

Question 26

Skeletal muscle contractions

Answer 26

elp move blood through the veins Like squeezing a tube w/ liquid, liquid would move in both directions

Question 27

One-way venous valves

Answer 27

prevent backflow of blood Blood will only go upward

Question 28

Homeostasis Mechanism

Answer 28

Info is sent to comparators (integrating centers) (brain or glands) Constantly compares current conditions to the set point To maintain set points, comparators stimulate Effectors: organs, tissues that respond to the comparator and act to bring conditions back to the set point

Question 29

Innate (present from birth) immune system

Answer 29

First line of defense Blocks entry of pathogens Attacks pathogens that enter body Focus of attack is general Activates immediately but not adaptable

Question 29

Adaptive immune system

Answer 29

Adaptable: can attack new (previously unseen) pathogens Has a memory (acquired immunity): can be short-term, long-term, life-long Focus of attack is specific Slow activation time against new pathogens

Question 31

Phagocytes

Answer 31

cells that eat