Exam 4 Flashcards by Spencer Young

high mass stars are those that have a mass ______X that of the sun

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If you see a supernova go off, that means…

new stars are forming in that galaxy

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Neutron Stars

A core with remaining mass of 1.4-3 solar mass, composed of tightly packed neutrons

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Black Holes

A remaining core with a mass of more than 3 solar mass. Will continue to collapse into an infinitely small location in space

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Neutron stars are ______ solar mass

8-20

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Black holes are ______Solar mass

20 or more

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Inner (terrestrial) planets

Mercury, venus, Earth, Mars

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Inner (terrestrial) Planets characteristics

small, rocky, very close to sun, have few moons, have no rings

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the surface of Venus is completely hidden beneath…

thick atmosphere/clouds

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Venus’ atmospheric pressure is

extremely high

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Venus is covered with

gently rolling hill and numerous volcanoes

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Jupiter is the ____ of the gas giant planets

LArgest

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Jupiter is the ____planet in our solar system

Largest

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Jupiter’s giant res spot is caused by…

high pressure storms in the atmosphere

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How many moons does Jupiter have?

4 large moons and tens of smaller ones

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Saturn has the most extensive…

ring system in our solar system

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Saturns rings are composed of…

fragments of ice and ice-coated rock

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Uranus’ atmosphere is …

hazy with a few clouds

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Uranus’ tilt gives it…

very exaggerated seasons

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Neptune has a ___ color

Brilliant blue

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the Kuier belt is full of _______.

Mostly icy asteroids

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the Kuier belt is _____X as wide as the asteroid belt?

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Extra Solar Planets (exoplanets)

a planet outside of the solar system

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Star has sufficient mass to …..

fuse hydrogen and helium

-M>80MJupiter

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Brown Dwarf has insufficient mass to ...

ignite hydrogen, but can undergo a period of Deutrium Burning - 13 MJupiter< M < 80 MJupiter

Planet has insufficient mass to...

ignite hydrogen or deutrium -M < 13 MJupiter

a sun like star is about a billion times brighter than...

the light it reflects from its planets

Direct imaging

imaging or spectroscopy of the planets themselves

Indirect imaging

deducing the pretense of planets through their effects not their host star

we can directly image exoplanets by....

using techniques to block out the host star's light

Astrometry

detecting planets by measuring the change in a stars position in the sky

Motion affects ________.

waves

Doppler Effects____

the change in wavelength of radiation (light) due to the relative motion between the source and the observer along the line of sight

Astronomers use the Doppler Effect to learn about the ___ of stars, and other astronomical objects

radial (along the line of sight) motion

When something which is giving off light moves towards or away from you, _______.

the wavelength of the emitted light is changed or shifted

When the source of light is moving AWAY from the observer, the wavelength_______.

of the emitted light will appear to increase.

Redshift

when the source of light is moving away from the observer the wavelengths of the emitted light will appear to increase

When the source of light moving TOWARDS the observer the wavelength________.

of the emitted light will appear to decrease.

Blueshift

When the source of light is moving towards the observer the wavelength of the emitted light will appear to decrease

The doppler effect only happens for motion ______.

along the line of sight

The Doppler effect only happens if the object is emitting light is ...

moving towards you or away from you

the amount of the doppler shift is proportional to the ______

Velocity

Objects move faster towards or away from you will exhibit a ______.

Larger blue or redshift

How do we measure these stars wobble?

1) observe the star moving with very high-resolution images | 2) Use spectroscopy to measure the line-of-sight velocity shift due to the Doppler Effect

Transit

the passage of relatively small body across the disk of a larger of a larger body, usually a star or a planet, occulting only a very small area

The drake Equation

the number of civilizations in our galaxy with which communication might be possible

We see the Milky way galaxy...

edge on

three main regions of the Milky way

1) buldge 2) Disk 3) Halo

The milky way Galaxy is ____ light years across, but only ____ light years thick

100,000; 1,000

Stars in the disk all orbit in the _____ direction

same

Stars int eh bulge and halo have _____ orbits

Random

Intersteller Medium

the term for the material (gas and dust) which resides between the stars

LOW mass stars return gas to the Interstellar Medium by

blowing off their outer layers, which have been polluted from their fusion process due to some "dredge up"

Slow Neutron Capture

When low mass stars form new elements int heir outer layers during the supergiant phase

HIGH mass stars return material to the Interstellar Medium in two ways

1) steller winds blowing off much of the outer envelope before the supernova takes place 2) supernova return nearly all of the products of fusion to the ISM

Summary of the star-gas-star cycle

1) stars make new elements by fusion 2) dying stars expel gas and new elements producing hot bubbles 3) hot gas cools, allowing atomic hydrogen clouds to form 4) further cooling permits molecules to form, making molecular clouds 5) Gravity forms new stars in molecular cloud

Halo stars formed ____-.

first

Disk Stars formed______. later after halo stars

later after halo stars

Stars near out galactic center orbit

very quickly

stars orbiting very quickly indicated what?

that there is a lot of mass present that we cannot see

We study how galaxies grow by...

looking back in time using infinite speed of light

cosmology

the study of the overall structure and evolution of the universe

The Milky way resides in ____

the local group

Our local group is home to ______ galaxies

~50

our local group has a diameter of roughly _____.

~10 million light years

two types of galaxies

Spiral and Elliptical

Hubble Tuning Fork

relates all galaxy shapes and sizes

The most massive galaxies are ____.

elliptical galaxies

Elliptical galaxies make up ______% of the large galaxy population

15-20

Irregular galaxies are

not very common and typically star forming

Spiral galaxies are often found in

groups of galaxies

ellipitcal galaxies are often found in _____

huge clusters of galaxies

Galaxies in clusters are ______

always moving

If there was no dark matter galaxies would

be flying out of the galaxy

Dark matter does not _____

interact electromagnetically

Dark matter does not affect________

the nuclei of atoms

Dark matter interacts______

gravitationally

Hubble's law

Velocity = Ho * distance

How do we measure distance?

we use the spectra of galaxies

The more cosmic dust, the _____ the light gets.

Redder

In order to find the most distant galaxies, we must...

Observe in the near-infrared