Exam 4

Question 0

Water table

Answer 0

The level below which the ground is saturated with water

Question 1

Flux

Answer 1

Pathway between reservoirs

Question 2

Hydraulic gradient

Answer 2

Slope of water table

Question 3

Porosity

Answer 3

Void space in rock

Question 4

Permeability

Answer 4

Connections between voids

Question 5

Aquifers

Answer 5

Layers that store & transmit groundwater

Question 6

Good aquifers

Answer 6

Sandstones, conglomerates, limestone

Question 7

Aquitards

Answer 7

Bad aquifers

Question 8

Aquitards examples

Answer 8

Shake, igneous & metamorphic rocks

Question 9

Confined aquifers

Answer 9

Under pressure water locked under shale or oth aquitard

Question 10

Artesian wells

Answer 10

Formed when confined water is drilled into

Question 11

Gaining streams

Answer 11

When the water table is above the surface water level

Question 12

Losing streams

Answer 12

When streams lose water to the water table

Question 13

Spring

Answer 13

Surface discharge of groundwater

Question 14

Stalactite

Answer 14

Icicle like deposit suspended from cave ceiling

Question 15

Stalagmite

Answer 15

Icicle like deposit growing from cave floor

Question 16

Column

Answer 16

Forms when a stalactite and stalagmite grow together

Question 17

Karst regions

Answer 17

Characterized by sinkholes, caverns & disappearing streams

Question 18

What helps identify how groundwater contaminants move?

Answer 18

The contour of the water table

Question 19

Overpumping

Answer 19

Flow can’t keep up with withdrawal

Question 20

What are 2 results of overpumping?

Answer 20

Changes slope of water table & creates cone of depression

Question 21

Saltwater intrusion

Answer 21

Overpumping near coasts causes saltwater to intrude in freshwater wells

Question 22

Main source of organic material for natural gas & oil

Answer 22

Algae & bacteria

Question 23

Petroleum window

Answer 23

60 degrees Celsius - 200 degrees Celsius

Question 24

Migration

Answer 24

Movement of petroleum in the subsurface

Question 25

Which way does petroleum usually move & why?

Answer 25

Upward because it's less dense than water

Question 26

Reservoir rock

Answer 26

Stores & transmits fluid

Question 27

What are 3 things that can trap petroleum in the subsurface?

Answer 27

Erosion, faults, and anticline/synclines

Question 28

Where was one of the very first functional oil wells in the world?

Answer 28

Titusville, PA

Question 29

Conventional drilling

Answer 29

Drilling into reservoir rock to recover petroleum

Question 30

Fracking process

Answer 30

Water based slurry is pumped into ground at high pressure to fracture the shale & increase permeability

Question 31

Cons of fracking

Answer 31

Groundwater is polluted by the fluids and fractures reach shallow depths

Question 32

Fracking pro

Answer 32

Leaves relatively small footprint on the landscape

Question 33

Glaciers must

Answer 33

Be large amounts of ice on land Be formed by compaction and recrystallization of ice Show evidence of motion

Question 34

Crevasses

Answer 34

Stress fractures from motion

Question 35

Types of glaciers

Answer 35

Valley (alpine) and continental

Question 36

Striations

Answer 36

Scratches on rocks made by dirt/rocks in ice

Question 37

Cirques

Answer 37

Bowl at head of glacial valley

Question 38

Arête

Answer 38

Sharp created ridge that separates cirques

Question 39

Horn

Answer 39

Peak formed by glacial valley

Question 40

Hanging valley

Answer 40

Elevated valley above main valley

Question 41

Fjord

Answer 41

Flooded glacial valley

Question 42

Till

Answer 42

Deposited by melting ice (poorly sorted & angular)

Question 43

Moraine

Answer 43

Elongated accumulation of till

Question 44

Esker

Answer 44

Sediment moved by meltwater/retreating glaciers

Question 45

Glacial outwash

Answer 45

Meltwater stream sediment (fairly sorted)

Question 46

Ice age

Answer 46

Periods when there are ice sheets at one or both poles

Question 47

Glacial stage

Answer 47

Glaciers expand in an ice age

Question 48

Interglacial stage

Answer 48

Glaciers contract in an ice age