Exam 4

Question 1

Field Research

Answer 1

Naturalistic observation, Case studies, Archival

Question 2

Qualities of Field research

Answer 2

little or no manipulation, little or no random assignment, less control

Question 3

Whats the point of field research

Answer 3

External validity, easy generalization to real world

Question 4

When do we use a Quasi-Experiment?

Answer 4

When a true experiment is not possible, unethical to move people around (like sick/not), and it is not possible to change peoples genes

Question 5

Qualities/aspects of a quasi-experimental design

Answer 5

causal hypothesis, at least 2 levels of an IV(not always manipulated), specific procedures for testing hyp, some controls for threats to validity(double-blind,automation etc.)

Question 6

Types of quasi-experimental designs:

Answer 6

Non-equivalent control-group design

Interrupted time-series design

Question 7

Non-equivalent control group design

Answer 7

pre-existing control/experimental group, groups can be made similar on important

Question 8

Interrupted time-series design

Answer 8

One group tested repeatedly, Within subjects design

Question 9

Types of designs for Program Evaluations:

Answer 9

randomized control group design, non-equivalent control group design, single group interrupted time series, pretest-posttest design(w/no control group, not recommended)

Question 10

Why transfer data?

Answer 10

Make non-normal distributions, or conceptual reasons for better understanding of the data

Question 11

Types of transformations

Answer 11

sqrt(X), Log2(X), 1/(X)

Question 12

Data transformation:Skew, how to report?

Answer 12

Use the raw data for: Descriptive summary values (Mean, SD, N)
Use Transformed data to: Run the parametric tests(t,F,ANOVA)

Question 13

Platykurtotic

Answer 13

flat (values distributed evenly)

Question 14

Leptokurtotic

Answer 14

Tall (values mostly around the mean, and less extremes)

Question 15

Types of data

Answer 15

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

Question 16

Nominal

Answer 16

Data with an order

Question 17

Ordinal

Answer 17

Ordered, but not necessarily evenly spaced

Question 18

Interval

Answer 18

Equal interval, no absolute 0

Question 19

What do you use when you do not have an equal interval but want one?

Answer 19

Item response theory

Question 20

Describe item response theory

Answer 20

How likely is it that a given person will get a question correct, It put persons responding, and the items they are responding to on the same scale… (so equal interval)

Question 21

Ratio

Answer 21

Ordered, equal intervals, absolute zero

Question 22

When do you use the Rasch Model?

Answer 22

For dichotomous responses (like true false)

Question 23

When do you use the Rasch credit model?

Answer 23

For polytomous responses

Question 24

Information received from Item Response Theory:

Answer 24

item difficulty (b), Step difficulty (o), and person scores(0)

Question 25

In multiple regression what is this used for: | Y'=a+b1X1+b2X2

Answer 25

To predict a DV from multiple IV's (1 DV, IV1, IV2, IV3…etc.) (allows one to assess how many (or few) IVs predict a DV in a model)

Question 26

Y'=a+b1X1+b2X2

Answer 26

``` a = regression constant (intercept) b1 = partial regression coefficient for IV predictor 1 b2 = partial regression coefficient for IV predictor 2 X1 = score on IV predictor 1 X2 = score on IV predictor 2 ```

Question 27

Hierarchical Multiple regression

Answer 27

Planned, incremental, multiple regression is done in steps, and planned by YOU

Question 28

Stepwise Multiple regression

Answer 28

Unplanned, incremental, computer selects best IV correlated with the DV successively, Examine R2 and its change. (not the best bc you can end up with a worse model than if you made it)

Question 29

Issues with Multiple regression:

Answer 29

IV's may be correlated

Question 30

multicollinearity

Answer 30

When the IV's overlap too much

Question 31

Special correlations

Answer 31

Partial regression coefficient, Semi-partial ("Part") correlation, partial correlation

Question 32

Partial regression Coefficients

Answer 32

a regression weight that adjusts for the other regression weights in a multiple regression model, but when both predictors are taken together in the same model, the regression weights change

Question 33

Semi-partial ("Part") correlation

Answer 33

when squared, (sr2) is the unique proportion of Y variance uniquely explained by X1

Question 34

Partial correlation

Answer 34

when squared, (pr2) is the proportion of variance in Y not associated with X2 that is associated with X1

Question 35

Multiple regression becomes complex when...

Answer 35

you add in IV predictors that are related to each other

Question 36

Factor Analysis

Answer 36

used to reduce the several variables into sets of variables | assess how well items or scores align themselves on single or multiple dimensions

Question 37

Two types of Factor Analysis

Answer 37

Exploratory, and confirmatory

Question 38

Exploratory factor analysis

Answer 38

the goal is to extract a common variance of the variables with their factors

Question 39

What question does EFA answer?

Answer 39

how many factors are in this set of variables

Question 40

Factor loading=

Answer 40

correlation of variable X with a factor

Question 41

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)

Answer 41

We know how many factors we want to extract, and we know what relationship the factors should have with the variables

Question 42

Reliability

Answer 42

consistency or stability in measurement

Question 43

If a test is not "reliable"...

Answer 43

there is too much measurement error

Question 44

X (observed score) =

Answer 44

T (true score) + E (Error)

Question 45

Ways to test reliability:

Answer 45

Test-retest Reliability, Slipt half, Chronbach's alpha, Item-total correlation

Question 46

Test-retest reliability

Answer 46

measure the same people twice on the same scale, then compute the coefficient between the two occasions

Question 47

Why can test-retest reliability be misleading?

Answer 47

scores can shift up, yet maintain the same order, did they improve? or are they stable? ??????

Question 48

Split half (reliability)

Answer 48

split the test in half and correlate the two halves

Question 49

Split half strengths

Answer 49

can get reliability estimate with only one test

Question 50

Split half weaknesses

Answer 50

measuring the same traits throughout the scale?

Question 51

Chronbach's Alpha

Answer 51

Average of all possible ways of splitting a test

Question 52

Problems with Chronbach's Alpha

Answer 52

the more items there are, the more reliable the test is…which means Cronbach’s alpha is measuring…?

Question 53

Item-total correlation

Answer 53

take item 1's score and correlate it with the sum of all others. (If persons score high on this item, and high on the total test, then the relationship should be high.)