Exam 4

Question 1

what is the goal of evidence based practice?1

Answer 1

To integrate 
1. Scientific evidence 
2. Clinical expertise
3. Client/ Caregiver perspective 
To provide high quality service

Question 2

Trilateral principals

Answer 2

Evidence based practice

Question 3

Def of target behavior

Answer 3

• Any skill that you are teaching the client

Question 4

Long term goal

Answer 4

• to improve speech intelligibility

Question 5

Short term goal

Answer 5

• supports the long terms goals

Question 6

Select treatment targets that are what

Answer 6

• linguistically and culturally appropriate for the client

Question 7

Select targets that will..

Answer 7

make an immediate and socially significant difference in the clients communication skills

Question 8

Remember

Answer 8

1. Connect tx to classroom curriculum
2. always keep common core state standards in mind
3. Always treat speech sound errors and language together
4. Consider targeting early dev sounds
5. Target existing sounds to address phonological processes

Question 9

Select more

Answer 9

readily taught treatment targets

Question 10

Stimulable sounds treated before

Answer 10

non stimulable sounds

Question 11

Teach visible sounds before

Answer 11

non visible sounds /th/ before /r/

Question 12

For a phonological process to be treated should occur at least

Answer 12

40% of the time

Question 13

select targets that affect

Answer 13

Intelligibility the most

Question 14

Select phonological processes that affect WHAT

Answer 14

the most sounds

- Processes that contribute the most to the ch’s lack of intelligibility

Question 15

If the chd has multiple errors we need to decide

Answer 15

• Do we train many sounds at once? or just a few?

Question 16

Variables impacting this decision (errors to treat) include chds

Answer 16

1. Motivation
2. Age
3. Language and learning skills (cognitive level)
4. Time frame

Question 17

when we give artic/phono test and gather conversational speech samples usually each phonemes is not

Answer 17

adequately sampled

ex: an artic test may sample /r/ one time in initial,medial,final position

Question 18

How do we counteract problems (mistakes)

Answer 18

By establishing baselines of potential treatment targets before starting therapy

Question 19

Baselines

Answer 19

measured rates of behavior in absence of treatment

Question 20

3 purposes of baseline

Answer 20

1. Est clinicians accountability
2. Evaluate chd progress overtime
3. Modify tx procedures if chd not improving at an expected rate of progress

Question 21

Specify the treatment targets in

Answer 21

measurable terms

Question 22

Response topography

Answer 22

refers to linguistic level of training

Question 23

You will need to..

Answer 23

• prepare stimulus items and a recording sheet (words and pictures)
• administer baseline trials are structured opportunities to produce a given target ( discrete trials are most common)

Question 24

It is recommended to have

Answer 24

at least 20 stimulus items per target behavior

Question 25

W/ a sound in isolation

Answer 25

move to cvc, vc, content asap or meaningful words

Question 26

Selecting the initial level and sequence of training

Answer 26

Baselines help us create appropirate tx objectives

Question 27

PBH (BOOK) says

Answer 27

It is best to start tx at word level | - functional words especially

Question 28

Treatment or short term objectives are

Answer 28

The skills the clinician plans to teach on the way toward achieving the selected treatment targets or long term goals

Question 29

Appropriate long term goals might be

Answer 29

- increase the clients speech intelligibility | - Improve the clients phonological skills

Question 30

Measurable short term objectives

Answer 30

are needed

Question 31

short term objectives

Answer 31

specify how a goal will be achieved | - must be measurable so that external observers can verify the results of the clinical services provided

Question 32

To write a good objective

Answer 32

- use observational behaviors ( ex, point to, write, say, read, match) - don't use words w/non observable behaviors ( know understand, remember, learns, consider, think about)

Question 33

Smart clinical objective goals

Answer 33

``` S. specify ( clearly defined) M. measurable ( observable behavior) A. attainable ( realistic possibility) R. relevant ( outcome focused) T. time bound ( client time frame for achievement) ```

Question 34

Remember that data collection

Answer 34

- should be done throughout tx | - you will document progress by comparing your data to your baseline

Question 35

Phonetic placement techniques are

Answer 35

Direct methods to teach clients how to position the articulators and produce the sound appropriately

Question 36

Successive approximation or shaping

Answer 36

take advantage of a sound the client can already make | - we have them make the /g/ and gradually move toward /r/

Question 37

we can begin training the sound at one of several levels

Answer 37

1. isolation 2. syllable 3. word 4. phrase 5. sentence (always consider the stimuli that you are using)

Question 38

Chs need immediate and specific

Answer 38

feedback | - particularly you do that verbally

Question 39

Never reinforce correct production with

Answer 39

Primary reinforcers - praise participation

Question 40

If the chd cannot create a phrase or sentence with the target word

Answer 40

we can use a carrier phrase such as My ____ I want ____

Question 41

Initial tx sessions are

Answer 41

highly structured

Question 42

Tx sessions gradually loosen up to

Answer 42

replicate natural ' real world ' more

Question 43

Replicating to real word helps chd generalize target sounds to

Answer 43

spontaneous speech

Question 44

Positive reinforcers

Answer 44

rewards and strengthens the behavior

Question 45

Primary reinforcers

Answer 45

They do not rely on past learning b/c they are biologically mediated " food and drinks"

Question 46

Secondary reinforcers- social value

Answer 46

- verbal praise - tokens ( play $, marbles) - stickers

Question 47

Generalization

Answer 47

usually refers to the chd producing learned responses in setting outside clinic

Question 48

generalization across situations

Answer 48

chd uses sound in other locations w/ other audiences

Question 49

maintenance

Answer 49

ultimate goal | - skilled sustained over time

Question 50

Select stimuli from client's

Answer 50

natural environment

Question 51

we should vary the physical setting

Answer 51

conduct tx in different environments

Question 52

we need to teach

Answer 52

multiple exemplars

Question 53

manipulation of response contingencies

Answer 53

most imp aspect of maintenance | - move from continuous to intermittent reinforcement schedule

Question 54

fade primary reinforcers

Answer 54

rely more on natural reinforcers

Question 55

we can also

Answer 55

train parents and others to reinforce chd for correct speech productions in natural environments - only give word w/ success in therapy - teach self monitoring / self correcting skills

Question 56

involve fam members and significant others

Answer 56

best maintences= involvement of of ppl in chds life

Question 57

who can help eachother

Answer 57

peers can help , esp in same therapy room | - they love being the teacher

Question 58

classroom teachers can help esp with

Answer 58

non verbal signals