Exam 4 Flashcards

Question

Lesion Studies (Levine et al.

Answer 1

Patient A (ventral what pathway lesion) had problems with object identification in both perception and memory. • Could indicate where objects were in their house or shops in the neighborhood, but couldn't recognize or draw objects from memory. Patient B (dorsal, where pathway lesion) had spatial location problems in both perception and memory • Could recognize or draw objects from memory but couldn't indicate where they were located

Answer 2

Evidence of an overlap between areas involved in perception and imagery from neuroimaging studies. • Evidence for similar dissociations in lesion patients for perception and imagery processing. • Overall, suggests considerable overlap between perception and imagery processing

Answer 3

Although visual imagery can engage similar brain regions, it is not identical to perception – i.e., we can tell the difference between imagined vs perceived objects

Answer 4

Berlin Wall and estimating city distances Estimated distances were greater for cities on opposite sides of wall. – Varied as a function of age and political disposition

Answer 5

Do you know what is on a common penny, which was very common when the study was conducted? Possibly, we "overestimate" our visual memory

Answer 6

How good are we at distinguishing between imagined vs real events in memory? Participants were presented an object or a name of the object 2, 5, or 8 times – Participants were told to image the object when presented the name – TEST: How many times did you SEE THE OBJECT

Answer 7

Participants were influenced by the number of times an item was imagined, hence, there is difficulty with reality monitoring in memory. • This difficulty is greater for individuals with good imagery ability.

Answer 8

Johnson and Raye argue that we use; Sensory information (early visual cortex-V1) Contextual information available in perception Knowledge of generation processes

Answer 9

In dreaming one does not control activity, so the generation processes are not available – Could be related to hallucination, i.e., one lacks control of "what" is doing the imaging. Note in schizophrenia there is a breakdown in selective attention, could be a contributor – Sack et al. found that Schizophrenics rated their imagery (e.g., smell of leather) as stronger than controls

Answer 10

Planting Memories via imagery sessions (potentially related to psychotherapy) Imagining vs Thinking about a false event • ̰"When you were 5 you spilled punch on the parents of the bride" • This was a false event was presented amongst true childhood events provided by parents

Answer 11

Probability of falsely remembering the event after three sessions, often providing additional information - Imagined 38% - Think about 12% conclusion: relatively easy to "plant" a Memory by imagining the event

Answer 12

Iconic form of mental imagery Remarkably detailed, remember Erickson & Collin's dot patterns – Initial exciting evidence from a single subject in a study by Stromeyer & Psotka (later deemed a fraud)

Answer 13

Examined 150 elementary school children | -presented pictures for 30 seconds, and participants were asked to generated an image of the pictures

Answer 14

There has not been a well-documented case of eidetic imagery (truly photographic) in adults • It is possible that children may go through a stage that appears eidetic, but more work is needed, could be file drawer problem. • Likely, individuals who report eidetic abilities have good imagery abilities, but probably not eidetic.

Answer 15

Comprehension (most studied area) Production (more difficult to study) Acquisition (nature vs nurture)

Answer 16

1) Arbitrariness 2) Discreteness 3) Openness 4) Duality of Patterning

Answer 17

Little relationship between word meaning and sound of the word (except onomonopia; buzz, boom, clap etc.)

Answer 18

There are discrete boundaries, and other variances are not processed (44 phonemes in the english language, with sharp boundaries, limited set of phonemes across all languages)

Answer 19

Unlimited number of possible sentences- critical for language creativity and models of language acquisition [John believes [Mary thinks[ Joe is handsome]]]

Answer 20

All languages have both meaning level and surface level representations Two surfaces levels and one meaning; "John threw the ball (the ball was thrown by john) One surface level and two meanings; "they are eating hens."

Answer 21

What you can verbally explain/ say you know | Explicit knowledge with awareness is only the tip of the iceberg regarding computations in language

Answer 22

Competence; Set of rules that all users of the language have available- enormous difference across individuals in how they produce/ understand language Performance; how those set of rules are implemented within language behavior, individual differences in many cognitive processes (vocal track characteristics, vocab etc)q

Answer 23

Goal is to identify the set of rules which 1) describe the relations amongst the constituents (descriptive adequacy)--> how words can be combined to make a noun phrase, how syllables can be combined to make words etc. 2) productive adequacy--> is able to produce new/ novel utterances and linguistic events

Answer 24

Words are made of syllables and syllables have structures (words = series of syllables (onset--rhyme[nucleus and coda]) onset and codas are optional

Answer 25

a) BG and PT cannot occur at the beginning of a word (stops) - both have the same voicing... b) two voiced stops or two voiceless stops cannot occur at the beginning of a word (more powerful rule) c) two stops cannons occur at the beginning of a word - even more powerful rule--> rule in English d) BONUS: if a single voiceless stop occurs at the beginning of a word, then it is "aspirated"

Answer 26

words are not simply strings of phonemes and syllables, but carry meaning. Morphemes are the minimal unit threat conveys meaning (words often contain multiple morphemes (gender not marked in english on top of words- girl running and boy running use the same word)

Answer 27

unites that cannot stand along, but added to stems to add meaning- /s/ /ed/ /ing/ /ly/ etc

Answer 28

Words of the language that can stand alone in [gentle] [man]ly= gentle and man

Answer 29

Inflectional morphology and derivational morphology

Answer 30

modify words to fit into a sentence to add meaning to the sentences (plurals, past tensiveness; quacks, quacked, quacking)

Answer 31

``` change meaning (able, ate, iffy, ize- huggable, learnable, *compound words* toothbrush, armpit etc. ) ```

Answer 32

Nature vs Nurture Skinner (behaviorist) argued language acquisition follows universal laws of learning (control and reinforcement--> NURTURE) Chomsky (argued that Language is unique and follows its own laws of learning, nature)

Answer 33

Stimulus constraints-->Response-->Consequences

Answer 34

1) Language acquisition is not gradual (as would be predicted by reinforcement) makes abrupt jumps gaining RULES of language -Auxiliary verb use (He not little he big vs he is not little he is big) 2) progression of irregular verb/noun forms in the language Children early on can use some irregular forms correctly (go-went, run-ran, mouse-mice, sit-sat), Later on may make more mistakes in this irregular words as they apply common rules to these irregular -->verb forms/ tenses/ nouns (go-goed, went-wented, mouse-mouses) 3) Gling, glinged, glings as if they have rule- applied appropriately

Answer 35

1) Modeling; learning through observation- not overt response driven 2) "Parentees": titration child directed speech to level of child's competence- to be able to maximize the communication (baby talk to the child- are babbling WITH the baby)

Answer 36

Imprinting with water fowl, Marler's sparrow song acquisition for bird song, Nottebohm;s work with finch (critical period for language)

Answer 37

critical period for language acquisition in humans -tied to lateralization 1) prognosis for recovery from brain injury for Language decreases as one ages 2) Second Language Acquisition enormous benefits to exposing child to second/ third language early on 3) Down's Syndrome language acquisition appeared to stop during teenage years (controversial

Answer 38

Ambiguity can occur at both the lexical level and the syntactic level.

Answer 39

Attach each new phrase to the most recent phrase. • Critical in minimizing demands on limited capacity memory, can’t maintain multiple interpretations across time

Answer 40

Compared to unambiguous utterances: Took longer to complete • Stutter, dysfluencies, etc. • Participants were not aware of the ambiguities appears that individuals are computing multiple interpretations even though they may be unaware of these computatio

Answer 41

Compute all interpretations of ambiguous utterance. • Based on available evidence attempt to select an interpretation. • If insufficient information is available, must select by clause boundary. • If wrong selection is selected, then attempt to recover surface structure to reinterpret.

Answer 42

• Although flying planes can.... • Although some planes can... • Although flying planes can be dangerous, he... • Although some planes can be dangerous, he... Results indicated that the first sentence was slowest, confirming the importance of clause boundaries

Answer 43

Were expecting a different words after the pause due to the context of the sentence

Answer 44

Alzhiemer's vs Control in Mean Response Latencies to the Third word (Surgeon, Organ, piano) can Surgeon, ceiling, piano If one maintains both interpretations of ambiguous utterances, this would produce a significant breakdown in comprehension processes, i.e., multiple interpretations in working memory. • Selection of an interpretation is critical for comprehension.

Answer 45

Formulate some intention, not terribly well specified, my turn to say something, stored sequences of production, social context, etc... • Provide some specific linguistic structure, selecting syntactic frames, words, phonemes, etc... • Send commands to the articulatory system, voicing, place of articulation, etc...

Answer 46

Although speech seems serial in nature, it is massively parallel across many levels. • Thinking does not stop during articulation, but articulation lags behind intention and specifying linguistic structure.

Answer 47

``` Anticipation Errors (reading list --> leading list) Perseveration Errors (pass out --> pass pout) Referrals or Spoonerisms (Duke and Duchess--> Duck and Dooches) ```

Answer 48

Take my bike-->Bake my bike • Phoneme is anticipated from second word to first

Answer 49

Pulled a tantrum-->Pulled a pantrum • Phoneme is preserved from first word to second

Answer 50

The Duke and Duchess of WindsorThe Duck and Dooches of Windsor • Reverse phonemes across words

Answer 51

Clear blue skyglear plue sky

Answer 52

Pedestrian --> tebestrian | bilabial voiceless /p/ and voiced alveolar /d/ becomes voiceless alveolar /t/ and voiced bilabial /b/.

Answer 53

Errors very rarely violate phonetic rules of language They are not random Errors typically occur across the same position, most frequently the first position • E.g., well made-->mell wade, but NOT wem-lade Errors typically occur across the same stressed position, most often stressed syllables. • E.g., He saw the boy-->He baw the soy, but NOT He saw ba thoy

Answer 54

words are not produced as whole units, but in production are a series of syllables, phonemes, and features • Position within a word and stress must be coded early • These units are consistent with the models of speech perception we discussed words are not produced as whole units, but in production are a series of syllables, phonemes, and features • Position within a word and stress must be coded early • These units are consistent with the models of speech perception we discussed

Answer 55

Misderivations Word substitution Errors Malapropism

Answer 56

Word selected has similar sound as target • Lets have a few laughs to break up the monogamy, instead of monotony.

Answer 57

• Look at that lady with a Dachsund-->look at that lady with a Volkswagen Evidence for activation of semantically related units

Answer 58

Intervening node-->intervenient node Evidence for the importance of morphological level of analysis

Answer 59

navigational instrument used in measuring angular distances, especially the altitude of sun, moon, and stars at sea • If in TOT state, participants are asked • How many syllables does it have? (57%) • What letter does it start with? (62%) • What word does it sound like? (secant, sexton.

Answer 60

We have partial information about a correct word, indicating activation of some nodes, but insufficient activation of the lexical node. This partial information is related to the components we discussed producing errors. • Particularly frustrating, probably due to attention being driven to an automatic process, akin to a Broca’s aphasia.

Answer 61

Biases from cognitive mechanisms influence judgment and decision making. • Often we use heuristics in perception, memory, and decision making, i.e., short-cuts that typically, but not always, work. • Heuristics minimize demands on more attention demanding/effortful cognitive system

Answer 62

Availability (possibly the most powerful), estimating probabilities by the ease to which information becomes available (strength)

Answer 63

Must take into account prior probabilities, much more powerful estimates, basically conditional probabilities. • People rarely do this Critical to take into consideration base rate differences, i.e., conditional probabilities. Has become the standard in statistical decision making. • Converting this to a tree network and frequencies simplifies the problem for participants

Answer 64

Maybe sleeping on it does work for some decisions. • Participants read about 4 different cars. One car had 75% positive attributes, 2 cars had 50% positive attributes, and another car had 25% positive attributes. Importantly, participants received either 12 attributes total or only 4 attributes total. • After reading about the cars, participants either thought about the cars for 4 minutes or solved anagram problems

Answer 65

For decision making, in some cases, one can be mislead by attending to too much information, since attention is limited. • Possibly, more automatic processes (heuristics) can kick in and estimate simple weight

Answer 66

Critical to consider cognitive systems in making decisions | Limitations of attention, biases to use heuristics, and availability are all critical in making decisions

Exam 4 Flashcards

(90 cards)