exam 4 Flashcards
(214 cards)
1
Q
true or false: many animals communicate with one another
A
true
2
Q
some animals suspected of having language potential:
A
great apes, cetaceans, parrots, dogs
3
Q
gene related to language
A
FoxP2
4
Q
FoxP2 location
A
on chromosome 7
5
Q
FoxP2 mutation associated with
A
disrupted speech production and comprehension
6
Q
link between KE family FoxP2 mutation and abnormality in this area
A
caudate nucleus and putamen (basal ganglia) -has to do with procedural stuff-
7
Q
FoxP2 is a transcription factor, meaning …
A
it regulates expression of many other genes (has ripple effects)
8
Q
humans have a site for phosphorylation by
A
protein kinase C (PKC)
9
Q
activation of PKC may phosphorylate FoxP2 and cause downstream changes in regulation/production of other proteins. T or F?
A
true
10
Q
FoxP2 knock-outs (in mice) led to
A
- developmental delays
- deficits in ultrasonic vocalizations
- altered basal ganglia
11
Q
Humanized FoxP2 knock-ins (in mice) led to
A
- generally healthy
- different USV
- less exploratory behavior
- less dopamine
- increased dendrite length and synaptic plasticity in basal ganglia
12
Q
mice with humanized FoxP2 exhibited
A
enhanced ability to make transitions from a declarative to a procedural mode of learning
13
Q
a language learned at a young age is retained better. T or F?
A
true
14
Q
infants younger than 8 months can
A
distinguish all speech sounds
15
Q
by 11 months can distinguish
A
only native language
16
Q
bilingualism seems to be associated w a number of positive outcomes. such as …
A
- children perform better on tests of executive control
- higher density of gray matter
- associated w a delay in the onset of age-related dementia
17
Q
serious speech deficit that renders a person unable to communicate effectively; caused by damage to the brain
A
aphasia
18
Q
most common cause for aphasias =
A
strokes
19
Q
type of aphasia:
lack of ability to speak clearly
A
Broca’s aphasia (aka productive or generative aphasia)
20
Q
type of aphasia:
speech is rapid and fluent but meaningless
A
Wernicke’s aphasia
21
Q
type of aphasia:
speech remains fluent, and comprehension is fairly food, difficulty repeating speech
A
conduction aphasia
22
Q
type of aphasia:
los of all language functions
A
global aphasia
23
Q
type of aphasia:
fluent, grammatical speech, but comprehension is impaired
A
transcortical aphasia
24
Q
language area in the left inferior frontal gyrus
A
Broca’s area
25
difficulty retrieving correct words for ideas they wish to express
anomia
26
- speech production and writing deficits
- speech is slow and effortful
- anomia
- comprehension intact
- singing still intact
broca's aphasia
27
located just below superior temporal gyrus
Wernicke's area
28
- comprehension for both spoken and written word impaired
- speech is rapid and fluent but virtually meaningless
- seem unaware they make no sense
- neologisms common
Wernicke's aphasia
29
mash up words together that don't normally go together
neologisms
30
damage to arcuate fasciculus causes difficulties with repetition of sentences
conduction aphasia
31
- dorsolateral PFC and SMA damage
- affects higher cognitive and attentional functions related to language production
- initiation of speech disrupted
- unable to produce verbs related to particular nouns (e.g., car - drive)
transcortical motor aphasia
32
intersection of temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes
- affects ability to understand meaning of words
- speech is grammatical and fluent, strong repetition
- echolalia (repeating questions rather than answering)
transcortical sensory aphasia
33
recovery from aphasia
- the younger you are the more/better you improve/recover
| - most improvement in 1st year
34
language production and comprehension almost always in _______ hemisphere
left
| right hemisphere can take over functions if damage occurs early in life
35
______ hemisphere usually plays role in prosody
right
36
musical quality of language (ex raising pitch at end of sentence to ask a question)
prosody
37
intonation, emphasis, and rhythm to convey meaning
prosody
38
3 language models:
- Wernicke'-Geschwind model
- contemporary model
- dual stream models
39
language model:
| Broca's area is responsible for speech, Wernicke's area is responsible for comprehension
Wernicke-Geschwind model
40
language model:
- three interacting components
- language implementation, mediational system, conceptual system
Contemporary model
41
language model:
| ventral and dorsal pathway for language processing
dual stream models
42
dual stream language models:
| dorsal stream
-interfaces sensory/phonological networks with motor-articulatory systems
43
dual stream language models:
| ventral stream
-interface sensory/phonological networks with conceptual semantic systems
44
reading impairments
alexia
45
writing impairments
agraphia
46
inability to spell or write
| damage to motor control areas
agraphia
47
unable to sound out new, nonsense, or difficult words
phonological agraphia
48
can't form visual images of words to be spelled but can spell only phonetically (e.g., phone = fone)
orthographic agraphia
49
- impairment in reading despite normal intelligence and exposure
- 10-30% of population
- high heritability: 40% chance sibling is also dyslexic
- difficulty discriminating rapidly presented stimuli
dyslexia
50
-visual-perceptual difficulties (reading a word backwards, confusing mirror image letters, trouble fixating on printed words)
symptoms of dyslexia
51
dyslexia in the brain: planum temporale
does NOT show typical hemispheric asymmetry
52
dyslexia in the brain:
cells in planum temorale lack normal layering and arrangement of columns, may have migrated into superficial layer. T or F?
true
53
- producing repetitions or prolonging of sounds
| - primarily genetic in origin
stuttering
54
stuttering treatments
- reducing rates at which speech is produced and stress associated w the disorder
- learning special breathing techniques, soft voice onsets, and prolongation of syllables
- dopamine antagonists (aimed at basal ganglia)
55
schizophrenia and language
many symptoms associated w interpretation and organization of language
56
schizophrenia and language:
| creating/contracting new words for complex ideas
neologisms
57
schizophrenia and language:
| unintelligible mixture of words and phrases
word salad
58
schizophrenia and language:
| pathological repetition of the same response for different questions
perserveration
59
schizophrenia and language:
| using words similar in sound, but not meaning
clang associations
60
schizophrenia and language:
| repeating of words or phrases of one person by another
echolalia
61
positive effect of an object or condition has on the user
reward
62
major reward pathway
mesolimbocortical dopamine system
63
mesocortical pathway
VTA to PFC
64
burst of activity of the VTA during an
unexpected reward
65
burst of spike activity =
high levels of dopamine release
66
burst activity of the VTA predicting reward
increases attention toward stimuli that signals rewards
67
burst activity in VTA decreases with delay: no or short delay
highest firing and dopamine release from VTA
68
burst activity in VTA decreases with delay: long delay
lower firing and dopamine from VTA
69
dopamine and instant gratification
dopamine --> more impulsive decisions / short term gain over waiting for a larger reward
70
the mesolimbic pathway
VTA to NA via MFB
71
large white matter contracting fibers from: VTA to NA
- olfactory regions
- peri-amygdalaloid regions
- septal area
medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
72
one of hottest reward areas
MFB
73
stimulation of brain areas can cause pleasure. T or F?
true
74
electric self-stimulation of mesolimbic pathway related to
dopamine
75
if dopamine antagonist infused to nucleus accumbens, then reward effect of self-stimulation of MFB (or VTA) is
blocked
76
"the pleasure center"
nucleus accumbens
77
drugs of abuse increase dopamine in
nucleus accumbens
78
human participants: stimulation of septal area
intense, pleasant sexual feelings
79
human participants:
| stimulation of medial thalamus
unpleasant tactile irritation
80
the intentional initiation of hostile or destructive acts toward another individual
-when not inhibited violence can result
aggression
81
genetics and aggression
-can be bred in animals
-within-species aggression related to dominance
T or F
true
82
- attacks to kill (w/ the intent to harm)
- against diff species for food
- few vocalizations, attack head or neck
- no activity in sympathetic nervous system
predatory aggression
83
- just for show ("all bark, no bite")
- intimidation. does not kill for food
- makes vocalizations, threatening posture
- high levels of sympathetic nervous system activity
affective aggression
84
removal of cerebral hemispheres but not hypothalamus causes
sham rage
85
constant aggression mode =
sham rage
86
stimulation of medial hypothalamus causes
affective aggression
87
stimulation of lateral hypothalamus causes
predatory aggression
88
stimulation of amygdala can cause aggression (including some temporal lobe seizures) T or F?
true
89
damage to amygdala causes
tameness/calmness
| -Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
90
T or F: drug and alcohol use is strongly associated with human aggression
true
91
alcohol reduces the inhibition of aggression normally managed by the __________ and _________ cortices
cingulate and frontal cortices
92
___________ increases reactivity to threatening stimuli
testosterone
93
T or F: prenatal exposure to testosterone is correlated w higher aggressiveness
true
94
decreased ____________ in amygdala correlated w increased aggression in rats
serotonin
95
lower serotonin --->
more aggression
96
low serotonin =
lower inhibition
97
serotonin associated with
empathy
98
rhesus monkeys low in social hierarchy had _____ levels of serotonin compared to dominant monkeys
low
99
does brain damage cause aggression?
in some cases, maybe
100
does mental illness cause aggression?
doubtful
101
subjective experiences that arise spontaneously and unconsciously in response to internal and external events
emotion
102
psychological component of emotions
"feelings" accompanied by characteristic behavior or facial expression
103
physiological component of emotions
increase or decrease in activity levels
104
individual differences influences on emotion
- overall level of reactivity differs
| - temperament
105
environmental influences on emotion
presence of others influences intensity of emotional expression
106
two continuums of emotions
- valence (pos or neg)
| - arousal level
107
primary emotions (6)
- happiness
- sadness
- anger
- fear
- disgust
- surprise
108
3 components of emotion
- autonomic response
- subjective feelings
- cognitions about the experience
109
emotion autonomic response
increased heart rate
| -hypothalamus and associated structures
110
emotion subjective feelings
fear
| -amygdala and part of frontal lobes
111
emotion cognitions about the experience
cerebral cortex
112
blood vessels in face feed back temperature and muscle info to the brain, altering our experience of emotion
- smiling makes you happier
- frowning makes you more sad
facial feedback hypothesis
113
motor cranial nerves involved in facial expression
- VII (facial)
| - V (trigeminal)
114
cranial nerve VII (facial)
superficial muscles attached to skin
115
cranial nerve V (trigeminal)
deep muscles attached to bones of head
116
facial nerve nuclei located
in pons near midline
117
2 pathways control expressions
- voluntary
| - spontaneous/involuntary
118
voluntary control of expression
- contralateral motor cortex
| - forced or fake smile (choose to smile)
119
spontaneous/involuntary control of expression
-basal ganglia
-genuine happy smile
(reflexive smile)
120
T or F: blind and sighted individuals produce same facial response to winning/losing
true, meaning this isn't a learned response
121
specific pattern of autonomic arousal leads to specific emotions
the James-Lange Theory of emotion
122
physiological arousal contributes to emotion's intensity, while identity of emotion is based on cognitive appraisal
the Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory
123
- almond-shaped collection of nuclei located within the limbic system
- plays a role in emotional behaviors
amygdala
124
receives input from all sensory systems, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus
amygdala
125
sends projections primarily to frontal and temporal lobes, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, brainstem
amygdala
126
stimulation of amygdala
produces fear and anxiety
127
damage to amygdala
difficulty identifying fear and anger
128
imaging of amygdala
more active when viewing expressions of fear
129
chemistry of amygdala
contains many benzodiazepine receptors (anxiolytics)
130
behavior of amygdala
involved in fear conditioning
131
pathology of amygdala
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome reduces fear
132
bilateral temporal lobectomy
- decreased emotional reactivity
- hyper-orality: putting random things in mouth
- hyper-sexuality
kulver-bucy syndrome
133
roles in emotion, attention, cognitive processing, consciousness
anterior cingulate cortex
134
gateway between limbic structures and PFC
anterior cingulate cortex
135
active when we express our emotions
| same regions activated by physical and emotional pain
anterior cingulate cortex
136
contributes to social behavior; damage may be implicated in sociopathy
anterior cingulate cortex
137
- inability to experience and express their own emotions and to recognize the emotional expression of others
- apathy and loss of initiative or drive
- inability to plan and organize, leading to poor decision-making
effects of prefrontal cortex damage on emotional behavior
138
major subareas of this include orbitofrontal and ventromedial cortexes
the prefrontal cortex
139
right hemisphere processes emotional facial expression better and faster
true, so left side = more attractive
140
- very strong belief that a loved one has been replaced with an identical imposter
- visual recognition without emotional connection
- no SCR, no arousal
capgras delusion
141
a condition in the environment that makes unusual demands on the organism and strains ability to cope effectively
stress
142
an unpleasant and disruptive state resulting from the perception of danger or threat
once danger has been perceived and identified, a predictable series of reactions is set into motion
stress
143
_______ is caused by an existing stress-causing factor or stressor
stress
144
________ is stress that continues ager the stressor is gone
anxiety
145
stress response includes activation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, which is largely under control of the
hypothalamus
146
stress hormones
norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol
147
norepinephrine and epinephrine stress hormones
- increase output from heart
| - liberate glucose from muscles for additional energy
148
cortisol stress hormone
- increases energy by converting proteins to glucose, increasing fat availability, and increasing metabolism
- long-term energy increase for sustained stress
149
responds very quickly to a stressor by releasing epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands into the circulation
sympathetic adrenal medullary (SAM system)
150
results in the release of cortisol by the adrenal glands
the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis
151
long term effects of cortisol
increases amount of calcium entering cells
| increases amount of neurotransmitter released
152
T or F: too much calcium can be excitotoxic to neurons and cause apoptosis (cell death)
neurons in hippocampus are particularly likely to die
true
153
the body's defense against malignant cells or invading bacteria, viruses, and other potentially illness-producing organisms (pathogens) and substances (antigens)
immune system
154
________ stress may be beneficial
acute
155
increases cells and cell products that kill infected and malignant cells and protect the body against foreign substances, including bacteria and viruses
may increase neurogenesis
acute stress
156
negative effects of stress
colds
people are more likely to get a cold (rhinovirus) when significantly stressed
social support can help offer protection
157
________ or prolonged stress compromises the immune system
chronic
158
the cardiovascular system is particularly vulnerable to stress. T or F?
true
159
stress increases blood pressure, and prolonged high BP can damage the heart or cause a stroke. T or F
true
160
good stress management
maintain good health habits
face to face social networking
cognitive restructuring
161
good stress management: good health habits:
sleep
balanced diet
aerobic exercise
162
a specialty field within clinical psychology that seeks to understand and treat patients w cognitive impairments
neuropsychology
163
headache: pain is behind browbone and/or cheekbones
sinus headache
164
headache: pain is in and around one eye
cluster headache
165
headache: pain is like a band squeezing the head
tension headache
166
headache: pain, nausea and visual changes are typical of classic form
migraine
167
sinus headache linked to
environment
168
cluster headache linked to
circadian rhythm
169
tension headache linked to
stress
170
migraines linked to
neurovascular pressure/serotonin
171
migraines impacts 28% of population and is a neurovascular disorder. T or F?
True
172
characterized by recurrent headaches. usually accompanied by nausea, vomiting, photophobia and/or phonophobia. preceded by aura.
can be triggered by specific stimuli in environment
migraines
173
migraines: vascular theory
increased blood flow in brain distends blood vessels, which exert pressure on surrounding tissue
174
migraines: serotonin theory
serotonin acts to constrict blood vessels = reduced levels of serotonin, more blood flow
175
both migraines and depression are more common in men or women?
women
176
both migraines and depression are linked to reduced ___________
serotonin
177
migraine treatments
- OTC pain relief
- SSRIs and Triptans (5HT receptor agonists)
- behavioral changes and avoiding triggers can decrease frequency and severity
178
brain is about 2% of body mass but uses how much of blood?
about 16%
179
a stroke occurs when the brain's blood supply is interrupted by either:
- cerebral hemorrhage
| - the sudden blockage of a blood vessel
180
what falls under cerebral hemorrhage?
aneurysms
181
what falls under the sudden blockage of a blood vessel?
- ischemia and transient ischemic attacks
- infarct / penumbra
- thrombosis vs embolism
182
bursting of a blood vessel
aneurysms
183
type of stroke:
- about 20% of cases
- caused by high BP and vascular abnormalities
- usually fatal
hemorrhage
184
type of stroke:
- about 80% of cases
- caused by arteriosclerosis and blood clots
- outcomes = infarct of varying size and changes in consciousness, sensation, and movement
ischemia
185
cerebral hemorrhage may result from:
- hypertension (high BP)
- structural defects in blood vessels
- aneurysms rupturing
- blood diseases like leukemia
186
description of hemorrhages:
| inside brain
intracerebral
187
description of hemorrhages:
| in middle of meninges
subarachnoid
188
description of hemorrhages:
| between dura and brain
subdural
189
description of hemorrhages:
| between dura and skull
epidural
190
blockage of CNS vasculature leads to ________, or low oxygen levels (80% of all strokes)
may lead to the death of neural tissue
ischemia
191
death of neural tissue
infarct
192
causes of ischemic events:
| a clot that stays at point of origin
thrombosis
193
causes of ischemic events:
| a clot that passes to smaller vessels until it stops
embolism
194
core region of tissue death due to lack of oxygen. early damage < 6 mins
infarct
195
area of neural tissue susceptible to damage that surrounds an infarct. delayed damage. (area of secondary damage)
penumbra
196
what is a mini-stroke
- transient ischemic attacks: stroke symptoms lasting < 24 hours
- caused by temporary state of reduced blood flow in a portion of the brain
197
transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
stroke symptoms lasting < 24 hours
198
standard treatments for vascular accidents
- blood thinners
| - exercise/diet changes
199
new treatments to reduce excitotoxicity to decrease penumbra
- block glutamate (antagonist or Mg)
| - hypothermia for 48-72 hours by 4 degrees C
200
head injuries:
- traumatic brain injuries (open head injuries and concussions)
- chronic traumatic brain injuries (chronic traumatic encephalopathy)
201
concussion coup =
point of impact that hits first
202
concussion countercoup =
reverberating force on opposite side of brain than the primary coup.
203
concussion and neuronal damage
may result in hematoma and white matter damage
204
symptoms of a concussion (varies)
- headache or a feeling of pressure in the head
- temporary loss of consciousness
- confusion or feeling as if in a fog
- amnesia surrounding the traumatic event
- dizziness
- ringing in ears
- nausea or vomiting
- slurred speech
- fatigue
205
permanent damage from repeated mild head injuries, resulting in slurred speech, memory impairment, personality changes, lack of coordination, and Parkinson-like syndromes
chronic traumatic encephalopathy
206
E4 variant of APOE gene may make people more vulnerable to
CBTI
| and Alzheimer's disease
207
E4 is about 15% in population
true
208
independent growth of new tissue that lacks purpose
tumor
209
type of tumor likely to return after removal
malignant
210
occurs when malignant tumors shed cells that grow tumors in other areas
metastasis
211
tumors are not likely to recur after removal, do not metastasize
benign
212
types of brain tumors:
| develop in glial cells. >70% of brain tumors
gliomas
213
types of brain tumors:
| are typically encapsulated and generally do not recur following surgery
meningiomas
214
treatment of brain tumors
- surgical removal
- chemotherapy
- thalidomide to starve tumors of blood supply
- angiogenesis inhibitors
- delivery of stem cells with anticancer genes
- radiation via gamma knife
