Exam 4 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
A chemically diverse group of molecules characterized by their solubility in organic solvents
A
Lipids
2
Q
Have little or no solubility in water
A
Lipids
3
Q
Biological functions of lipids
A
- Principle form of energy storage
- Account for approximately 50% of the mass of biological membranes
- Enzyme cofactors, electron carriers, light-absorbing pigments hydrophobic anchors, emulsifying agents, hormones, intracellular messengers…
4
Q
Biological membranes composition
A
50% Lipids 50% Proteins
5
Q
2 categories of lipids
A
- Neutral Lipids
2. Polar Lipids
6
Q
Neutral Lipids
A
Fatty Acids, Triacylglycerols, Diglyceride, Monoglyceride, Wax, Eicosanoids, Polyprenyl Lipids
7
Q
Carboxylic acids having hydrocarbon chains of 4-36 carbons
A
Fatty Acid
8
Q
General structure of Fatty acids
A
COOH(CH2)nCH3
n=4-36
9
Q
Short hand system for fatty acids
A
Specifies carbon number and the number and location of the double bonds
10
Q
12:0
A
CH3(CH2)10COOH = Lauric Acid
11
Q
Lauric Acid
A
12:0
CH3(CH2)10COOH
12
Q
14:0
A
CH3(CH2)12COOH = Myristic Acid
13
Q
Myristic Acid
A
14:0
CH3(CH2)12COOH
14
Q
16:0
A
CH3(CH2)14COOH = Palmitic Acid
15
Q
Palmitic Acid
A
16:0
CH3(CH2)14COOH
16
Q
18:0
A
CH3(CH2)16COOH = Stearic Acid
17
Q
Stearic Acid
A
18:0
CH3(CH2)16COOH
18
Q
20:0
A
CH3(CH2)18COOH = Arachidic Acid
19
Q
Arachidic Acid
A
20:0
CH3(CH2)18COOH
20
Q
24:0
A
CH3(CH2)22COOH = Lignoceric Acid
21
Q
16:1 (Delta 9)
A
CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
Palmitoleic Acid
22
Q
CH3(CH2)10COOH
A
Lauric Acid
23
Q
CH3(CH2)12COOH
A
Myrisitic Acid
24
Q
CH3(CH2)14COOH
A
Palmitic Acid
25
CH3(CH2)16COOH
Stearic Acid
26
CH3(CH2)18COOH
Arachidic Acid
27
CH3(CH2)22COOH
Lignoceric Acid
28
Palmitoleic Acid
16:1 (Delta 9)
29
CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
Palmitoleic Acid
30
18:1 (Delta 9)
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
| Oleic Acid
31
Oleic Acid
18:1 (Delta 9)
| CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
32
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
Oleic Acid
33
18:2 (Delta 9, 12)
CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
| Linoleic Acid
34
Linoleic Acid
18:2 (Delta 9, 12)
| CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
35
CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
Linoleic Acid
36
18:3 (Delta 9, 12, 15)
CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
| Alpha Linolenic Acid
37
Alpha Linolenic Acid
18:3 (Delta 9, 12 , 15)
| CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
38
CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
Alpha Linolenic Acid
39
20:4 (Delta 5, 8, 11, 14)
CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)3COOH
| Arachidonic Acid
40
Arachidonic Acid
20:4 (Delta 5, 8, 11, 14)
| CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)3COOH
41
CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)3COOH
Arachidonic Acid
42
One Double bond Carbon Skeleton
Palmitoleic Acid
| Oleic Acid
43
Two Double Bond Carbon Skeleton
Linoleic Acid
44
Three Double Bond Carbon Skeleton
Alpha Linolenic Acid
45
Four Double Bond Carbon Skeleton
Arachidonic Acid
46
No Double Bond Carbon Skeleton
Lauric, Myristic, Palmitic, Stearic, Arachidic, Lignoceric (ACIDS)
47
Double bonds are usually
Cis
48
Fatty acids usually have ______ number of carbons
even
49
Fatty Acids are categorized as
Neutral lipids
50
At physiological pH, fatty acids exist in the
Anionic form with an ionized caroxylate (COO-)
51
Fatty acids have an average pKa of
4.5
52
The physical state of lipids is largely due to
how the fatty acids are packed
53
Kinks in the chain from double bonds cause packing to be
loose
54
Lower unsaturated =
Tighter packaging = solid
55
Unsaturated fatty acids are subject to
Oxidative cleavage of double bonds
56
The bad taste and smell of fatty foods is due to
short chain aldehydes and shorter chain carboxylic acids
57
Fatty acid chain length and degrees of unsaturation have an influence on
Melting point
58
Fatty acids with most carbon with no double bonds have
Have the highest Melting point
12: 0 = 44.2
18: 0 = 69,6
18: 1 = 13.4
59
Triacylglycerols are
Neutral lipids
60
Composed of 3 fatty acids in ester linkage with glycerol
Triacylglycerol
61
Acyl =
fatty acid
62
Acylation =
addition of fatty acid
63
Diglyceride
2 fatty acids
1 alcohol
signals reactions in cells
64
Monoglyceride
1 fatty acid
| 2 alcohols
65
Triglycerides
3 fatty acids
| no alcohol left from glycerol
66
most natural fats contain large amounts of
Triacylglycerols
67
Different, but characteristic, fatty acids compositions of triacylglycerols depend on
the origin of the fat
68
Long chain of fatty acids esterified to a long chain fatty alcohol
Wax
69
COMPLETELY insoluble in water
Wax
70
Wax is categorized as
Neutral lipid
71
Formed from the oxidation and cyclization of the fatty acids arachidonic acid (20:4)
Eicosanoids
72
Eicosanoids are categorized as
Neutral lipids
73
Prostaglandins (PGs), Thromboxanes, and Leukotrienes are examples of
Eicosanoids
74
All are potent physiological regulators
Eicosanoids
75
Regulate blood pressure, induce labor, induce blood clotting
PGE2C and related PGs
| Eicosanoids
76
All are synthesized from the 5 carbon precursor molecule isoprene
Polyprenyl lipids
77
Polyprenyl lipids are categorized as
Neutral lipids
78
Include sterols (steroids), lipid vitamins, and terpenes
Polyprenyl lipids
79
Limonene, Bactoprenol, Testosterone, Sodium cholate
Polyprenyl lipids
80
Have a characteristic cyclic nucleus consisting of 4 fused rings (3 6carbon rings, 1 5carbon ring)
Sterols
81
Have an attached fatty acids and are even more hydrophobic than cholesterol itself
Cholesterol Esters
82
Found in blood lipoproteins and function in cholesterol transport and storage
Cholesterol Esters
83
Rentinol (A), Calciol (D), E, K
Lipid vitamins (polyprenyl)
84
These are amphipathic lipids and are generally found in membranes
Polar lipids
85
Polar lipids are
amphipathic
86
Polar lipids are generally found in
membrane
87
A large group of lipids are referred to as
glycerophospholipids
88
Glycerolphospholipids are also known as
Phosphoglycerides
Phosphatides
Phospholipids
89
Phospholipids are built on a backbone structure of
glycerol-3-phsophate
90
Only membrane containing Di-P-G
Mitochondria
91
Phsopholipids are cleaved (degraded) by highly specific enzymes known as
phospholipases
92
4 most common phospholipases
1. Phospholipase A1
2. Phospholipase A2
3. Phospholipase C
4. Phospholipase D
93
The action of _______ results in the formation of a lysophospholipid
PLA
94
PLA
Results in the formation of a lysophospholipid
95
Phospholipases play a _______ important rol in certain types of transmembrane signaling
VERY
96
Many types of venom contain _______ amounts of Phospholipase .
Large
| Cobra venom, rattlesnake venom, bee venoms
97
Another large group of lipids is the group known as
Sphingolipids
98
Amphipathic molecules generally found in membranes
Sphingolipids
99
Structurally based on sphigosine
Sphingolipids
100
Sphingolipids backbone structure
Ceramide: resembles glycerol in phospholipds
101
Be able to identify structures
Don't have to draw them
102
3 groups of sphingolipids
1. Sphingomyelins
2. Glycosphingolipids
3. Gangliosides
103
Also classified as a phospholipid due to the phosphocholine moiety
Sphingomyelins
104
Present in the myelin sheath of nerve cells
Sphingomyelins
105
Have one or more sugars attached to the ceramide moiety and contain no phosphate
Glycosphingolipids
106
The most complex sphingolipids with elaborate oligosaccharides as their polar head groups and always contain 1 or more slalic groups
Gangliosides
