Exam 4

Question 1

__ are errors in which sounds or entire words are rearranged between two or more different words

Answer 1

Slips-of-the-tongue

Question 2

The __ of an utterance, or the “melody” of its intonation, rhythm, and emphasis

Answer 2

Prosody

Question 3

When we speak, we produce __, or language units that are larger than a sentence

Answer 3

Discourse

Question 4

__ are gestures with a form that represents the concept about which a speaker is talking i.e. speaker telling friend about a car crash she saw and pushing her fights together to explain the impact

Answer 4

Iconic gestures

Question 5

__ involve pointing to some object or location while speaking, and are often accompanied by words like “this” or that”

Answer 5

Diectic

Question 6

__ are gestures that occur in a rhythm that matches the speech rate and prosodic content of speech

Answer 6

Beat gestures

Question 7

__ emphasizes that people use their bodies to express their knowledge

Answer 7

Embodied cognition

Question 8

__ focuses on the social rules and world knowledge that allow speakers to successfully communicate messages to other people

Answer 8

Pragmatics

Question 9

A concept called __, examines why we sometimes have trouble communicating with people who have different perspectives

Answer 9

Framing

Question 10

__ occurs when conversationalists share the similar background knowledge, schemas, and perspectives that are necessary for mutual understanding

Answer 10

Common ground

Question 11

__ is a sentence that asks someone to do something

Answer 11

Directive

Question 12

__ is the knowledge about the form and structure of language

Answer 12

Metalinguistics

Question 13

The term __ refers to the age at which you learned a second language

Answer 13

Age of acquisition

Question 14

The __, is your ability to acquire a second language that is strictly limited to a specific period of your life

Answer 14

Critical period hypothesis

Question 15

__ refers to the process necessary to reach a goal, typically in situations where the solution is not immediately obvious

Answer 15

Problem solving

Question 16

The __ state describes the situation at the beginning of the problem i.e. “I need to reach Jim tonight so we can begin our project but idk his phone number”

Answer 16

Initial

Question 17

You reach the __ state when you solve a problem i.e. “I have Jim’s phone number now”

Answer 17

Goal

Question 18

The __ describe the restrictions that make it difficult to proceed from the initial state to the goal state i.e. “Jim wasn’t in class yesterday”

Answer 18

Obstacles

Question 19

__ means that you have constructed a well-organized mental representation of the problem, based on the information provided and your own previous experience

Answer 19

Understanding

Question 20

__ refers to the way you translate the elements of the problem into a different format

Answer 20

Problem representation

Question 21

If you want to solve a problem that is complex and the information is categorical, you might use a __, whereas if you need to represent a large amount of info, you might use a __

Answer 21

Matrix; diagram

Question 22

According to the __, we often use helpful information in our immediate environment to create spatial representations i.e. we make decisions about the UP DOWN dimension more quickly than left-right

Answer 22

Situated cognition approach

Question 23

According to the __, we often use our own body and motor inactions, in order to express our abstract thoughts and knowledge i.e. trying to remember a word and using gestures to help you rememeber

Answer 23

Embodied cognition approach

Question 24

One example of an algorithm is a method called __, in which you try out ALL possible answers using a specified system

Answer 24

Exhaustive search

Question 25

A __ is a general rule that is usually correct

Answer 25

Heuristic

Question 26

When you use a __ in problem solving, you employ a solution to a similar, earlier problem to help you solve a new problem

Answer 26

Analogy approach

Question 27

__ refers to a set of problems that have the same underlying structures and solutions, but different specific details

Answer 27

Problem isomorphs

Question 28

The most effective and flexible problem-solving heuristic strategy is the __

Answer 28

Means-ends heuristic

Question 29

The __ is a heuristic where you reach a choice point- you consistently choose the alternative that seems to lead most directly toward your goal

Answer 29

Hill-climbing heuristic | i.e. useful when you do not have enough information about your alternatives because you only see the immediate next step

Question 30

__ handles two or more items at the same time, whereas __ handles only one item at a time

Answer 30

Parallel processing; serial processing

Question 31

A __ is when you keep trying the same solution you used in previous problems, even though you could solve the problem by using a different easier method

Answer 31

Mental

Question 32

If you have a __, you believe that you possess a certain amount of intelligence and other skills, and no amount of effort can help you perform better

Answer 32

Fixed mindset

Question 33

If you have a __, you believe that you can cultivate your intelligence and other skills

Answer 33

Growth mindset

Question 34

_ means that we tend to assign stable or "fixed" functions to an object

Answer 34

Functional fixedness

Question 35

A __ consists of two statements that we must assume to be true, plus a conclusion. They refer to quantities i.e. all, none, some

Answer 35

Syllogism

Question 36

__ processing is fast and automatic; it requires little conscious effort i.e. facial expression, stereotyping

Answer 36

Type 1

Question 37

__ processing is relatively slow and controlled. It requires focused attention, and it is typically more accurate

Answer 37

Type 2

Question 38

What is confirmation bias?

Answer 38

People would rather try to confirm or support a hypothesis than try to disprove it

Question 39

The __ is where we judge that a sample is likely IF IT IS SIMILAR to the population from which the sample was selected

Answer 39

Representative heuristic i.e. random looking outcomes are more likely than orderly outcomes

Question 40

The __ is how often the item occurs in the population

Answer 40

Base rate

Question 41

You use __ when you estimate frequency or probability in terms of how easy it is to think of relevant examples of something

Answer 41

Availability heuristic i.e. remember examples

Question 42

The __ typically operates when you must compare the relative frequency of two categories

Answer 42

Recognition heuristic

Question 43

__ occurs when people believe that two variables are statistically related, even though there is no actual evidence for this relationship

Answer 43

Illusory correlation

Question 44

"I knew it all along" is referred to as the __

Answer 44

Hindsight bias