Exam 4 Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
Why can eggs laid outside the nest be a significant problem in the poultry commercial industry?
A
- eggs laid outside of the nest can be a significant problem in the industry
- > nest box design is important
- > a dark secluded area is preferred
- > accessibility of the nest box is important
- -> birds need to be accustomed to the location and design of the box
2
Q
Aggression in Laying Hens
A
- pecking at subordinate laying hens
- > head and comb scarring
- poor body condition
- biggest problem in mid-sized groups
- > small group birds have a stable dominance structure
- > large group birds have non-aggressive dominance strategies
- roosters will suppress aggression amongst hens
3
Q
Poultry Egg-Laying Timing and Rhythm
A
- egg laying occurs at the time the lights go on
- egg formation occurs in the proceeding 24 hours before egg laying
- nest building precedes egg laying
4
Q
Extraversion
A
- qualities, or traits of an “extrovert”
- > an extrovert is an outgoing overly expressive person
- increases opportunity
- increases risk
5
Q
Poultry Dust-Bathing Timing and Rhythms
A
- occurs in the early afternoon
6
Q
Recognition of Humans in Human-Animal Relationships
A
- individual recognition enables individual relationships
- they use CUES to differentiate humans
- > mainly visual cues when possible, but also smell and olfactory cues
- > best when using three senses concurrently
7
Q
Factors that cause Feather Pecking and Cannibalism to occur
A
- Stocking Density
- Genetics
- Lighting
- Availability of foraging material
- Feed composition/form
- Group size
8
Q
Offspring Care in Commercial Poultry Production
A
- Raised in Brooders
- provides:
- > warmth
- > chicks explore to learn to find food and water themselves
- > If they do not learn they may starve-out
9
Q
Relationship Quality Factors with Human-Animal Interactions
A
- The Past History of human-animal interactions is the main determinant of an animal’s relationship with humans
- > the quality of contact
- > the quantity of contact
- > the period of life when the contact was made
- > animals will perceive an interaction as negative, neutral, or positive - The Genetic Background
- The Physical and Social Environment
- especially during rearing (raising) and interacting with humans - The Human Determines the Type, Timing and Environment of the interactions
- > human personality, attitude, knowledge, and experience will impact these interactions
10
Q
Agreeableness
A
- quality of being pleasant, or enjoyable
- decreases conflict
- increases social cohesiveness
11
Q
Poultry Natural feed sources
A
- Grasses
- Shrubs
- Seeds
- Roots
- Berries
- Leaves
- Invertebrates
- Small vertebrates
12
Q
Human Personality
A
- “characteristics” of individuals accounting for consistency in their patterns of behaviors, feelings and cognition
13
Q
Poultry Mating Timing and Rhythms
A
- the hen’s fertility is lowest at egg-laying
- mating generally occurs in the afternoon
14
Q
Feather Pecking in Poultry
A
- abnormal behavior
- more common in mid-sized to large flocks
- feather pecking occurs in target areas such as vents, preen gland, wings, back, tail
- > generally not the head
- resemble feeding pecks, not aggressive pecks
- > reduce by providing foraging substance
15
Q
Poultry Drinking Trends
A
- short bouts of drinking in between bouts of eating
- poultry drink by scooping up water with their beak, or bill and then raising their head to let the water flow down
- they can learn to drink from nipple waterers, but it is unnatural for birds to do so
- changing water delivery may cause production issues
16
Q
Consequences of Animal Personality in Applied Ethology
A
- linked to personality types vary in proneness to stress and responses to novelty
1. Human-animal interactions
2. Animal welfare
3. Success of conservation programs
4. Production efficiency
5. Population consequences of hunting
17
Q
Temperment
A
- aspects of behavior that are expected to emerge early in life
- has close ties to genetics
- generally includes emotional aspects such as fearfulness, anxiety and nervousness
- often used with domestic animals
18
Q
Effect of light on poultry during egg incubation
A
- embryo becomes sensitive to light after 3 days in the egg
- stimulates pineal gland formation
- stimulates eye development and brain hemispheres
- In commercial operations hatches are incubated in total darkness
- > causes chicks to be more fearful after hatching
19
Q
Domestic Duck Origins
A
- Mallard is their ancestor
- > gave rise to a large number of breeds
- some good layers
- most common breed is the Pekin from China
- > used for meat and feather (down) production
- domesticated 4000 years ago in Asia
- farmed by the Romans for meat
20
Q
Behavioral Type
A
- consistent behavior across time, or situations
- typically used in descriptions with wild animals
21
Q
Neutral Human-Animal Interactions
A
- decrease fear of humans
22
Q
Research Terms in Animal Personality
A
- used to describe and explain “consistent individual behavioral differences”
1. Coping Style
2. Temperament
3. Behavioral syndrome and type
4. Animal Personality
23
Q
Difference between Behavior and Personality
A
- Behavior is generally considered plastic (adaptable)
- personality seems to be more consistent in generating behavioral responses
24
Q
Behavioral Syndrome
A
- suites of correlated behaviors across situations
- typically used in descriptions with wild animals
25
Physiological State
- if states change more slowly than behavior they can stabilize state-dependent behavior over the short term
ex: constrained behavioral plasticity, or the cost of switching behavior is too high
- physiological states include body size, energy reserves, metabolic rate and age
26
Extraversion combined with Neuroticism Possibilities
- traits are not discrete
1. Low extraversion and High neuroticism
- > associated with depression
2. High extraversion and Low neuroticism
- > associated with being happy
27
Poultry Preening Timing and Rhythms
- occurs primarily in the morning and late afternoon
28
General Relationships in Human-Animal Relationships
- animals tend to generalize their experiences with familiar humans to unfamiliar humans
- > if they withdraw from their owner, then they will withdraw from an unfamiliar person
- > animals that are accepting of an owners touch will generally accept an unfamiliar person's touch
- individual and general relationships may exist in parallel
- > unless the individual recognition type is precluded (prevented from happening)
29
Ducks Foraging behaviors
- filter out edible items by dabbling using their bills
30
Coping Style
- a lab rodent model was initiated to study human stress
- defined as a coherent set of behavioral and physiological stress responses which is consistent over time and which is characteristic to a certain group of individuals
- typically considered to be more discrete in variation
- > this is due to reactive and proactive responses that occur
31
Food Selection by Chickens
- have a well-developed sense of taste
- will reject foods that are acidic, bitter, or high in salt
- visual and tactile cues are important
- > adults teach chicks to peck at feed items of specific color and that are small and round
- Odor plays a role in food selection
- > they will associate odors with specific food types
32
Why is Poultry Body Maintenance Important
- important for birds to keep their feathers clean and in good condition
- > for protection
- > to maintain body temperature
33
Egg Incubation in Poultry
- parent-offspring interactions are absent in commercial production
- embryo's vocalize to one another
- > accelerates the less developed chicks to develop quicker
- > it also synchronizes hatching
- maternal hormones in eggs
- > has an effect on brain development and sexual behavior
34
Sensitive Period of Socialization
- extremely important to later relationships with humans, or non-conspecifics
- the animal forms primary social relationships and attachments
- > wild animals attach themselves with conspecifics
- > domestic animals attach themselves to humans, conspecifics and non-conspecifics
ex: cross fostering of dogs and cats lead to a preference for the foster species for later positive social interactions
35
Poultry Social Problems
1. Aggression
2. Feather Pecking
3. Cannibalism
36
Poultry social behavior characteristics
- there are pecking orders
- > male then females
- cluster together
- > even if they can spread out and in spite of aggression
- they move together as a flock
- synchronize behaviors due to:
- > circadian rhythms
- > social facilitation with birds copying one another's behavior
37
Boldness
- reaction to non novel (new) risks
| ex: potential danger
38
Neuroticism
- abnormally sensitive
- obsessive
- tense
- anxious
- increases depression
- increases unhappiness
39
Human-Animal Relationship Defined
- the degree of relatedness, or distance between the human and animal
- > which develops and expresses itself in their mutual behavior
- > relationship can develop individually or generally
40
Poultry sleeping patterns
- all poultry species have diurnal rhythms
| - > sleep at night and are active during the day
41
Poultry Sleeping Timing and Rhythms
- mostly sleep at night
- will generally roost if the opportunity exists
- sleep in some small bouts during the day
42
Main perception of the human or animal during Human-Animal Interactions
1. Pleasurable, social partner, or friend
2. Neutral - Symbiont
3. Frightening, or predator
43
Poultry Offspring Care Issue After Hatching
- an issue is that they are not able to maintain their body temperature on their own during the first few weeks after hatching
44
Sociability
- reactions when conspecifics present or absent
| - does not include aggression
45
Aggression in Turkeys
- very aggressive in commercial flocks
- pecking and head wounds that sometimes lead to death
- dim lighting is used to control this
46
Poultry Foraging
- foraging for food is a very important natural behavior
- if allowed, the will spend a large part of their day foraging
- > motivated to conduct activity
- > in commercial situations will peck and scratch the feed in feed trays
47
How do poultry behave at hatching?
- domestic poultry are precocial
- > require little parental care
- imprinting will occur right after hatching
- > have an instinct to follow the first moving object it sees
- > usually imprint on parents
- > in commercial production, they imprint generally on the other flock mates
- > they can also imprint on humans and even literal objects
48
Poultry Social Behavior; Jungle Fowl and Wild Turkeys
- poultry are highly social
1. Jungle Fowl
- live in groups
- comprised of one male and several females
2. Wild Turkeys
- Live in mixed-sex groups during the breeding season
- the rest of the year will live in same sex groups
49
Emotions during Human-Animal Interactions
1. Pleasant Emotions
- joy, relaxation, etc
2. Unpleasant emotions
- fear, pain, frustration, etc
50
Consequences of Animal Personality in Wildlife
- linked to personality types vary in proneness to stress and responses to novelty
1. Different foraging strategies
2. Territory choice
3. Group position
4. Dispersal patterns
5. Mate choice
6. Parental care strategies
7. Survival and fitness
51
Cannibalism in Poultry
- pecking and tearing of tissue
- may follow feather pecking
- when hen just laid an egg and her cloaca is still partly everted other hens will peck at this area
- blood will cause further pecking
- seeing conspecifics in the act
52
Poultry Communication
- extensive communication among group members
1. have excellent color vision
- > in chickens, comb size and color are indicators of social status
- in turkeys, neck changes to red and blue during social interactions
- > engorgement of snood in male turkeys during aggression and courtship
2. olfaction may play a role in social recognition
- > unique smell per bird
- > uropygial gland, or preen gland
3. postures and displays are used
4. acute hearing
5. extensive vocal repertoire
53
Animal Personality
- unique set of relatively stable traits affecting how the animal interacts with its environment
- the focus in animals is on behavioral response
- consistent individual behavioral differences
- they share elements of coping style and behavioral syndrome/type approaches to describe consistent individual behavioral differences and human personality
54
Pleiotropic
1. Gene Effect in barn owls
- melanocortin system gene polymorphism
- they have a darker plumage
- they are more active, aggressive, and bolder
2. Emotion Effect
- causes fearfulness
- will alter responses to danger, habitats, objects and conspecifics
55
Aggression
- agonistic, or combative behavior toward conspecifics
| ex: live or stuffed, mirror images, or play back sounds
56
Social Learning and Environment Importance in Human-Animal Relationships
- will act towards based on their conspecific responses to humans
57
Vocal Repertoire in Poultry
```
- extensive vocal repertoire
Calls can be used for:
- predator warning
- contact calls
-> decreasing the distance between flock members
- threat signaling
- submission signaling
- attracting attention to food
- territorial defense
-> a rooster crowing will be heard over long distances
- crowing can confer dominance
-> based on quality and the rate of crowing
```
58
Poultry Offspring Care of the Mother
- Mother broods their young by providing:
- > warmth
- > protection
- > draw attention to food
- > teach to roost
59
Reactive Coping Style Characteristics
- act on external cues
- Characteristics
1. Careful
2. Passive
3. Limited aggressiveness
4. Observant
5. Adaptable
60
Human-Animal Relationships exist on a continuum
- the relationship exists on a continuum from poor to good
- > if it is very poor the human is perceived as frightening, or is associated with unpleasant emotions
- > if it is very good then the human is a social partner and associated with pleasant emotions
- the dynamic can change when positive and negative changes occur
- > informed by historical interactions
61
Reactive Coping Style Physiological Responses to stressful situations
1. Passive Response
2. Hide or freeze
3. Higher Hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal axis
4. High humoral immunity
5. Increased vulnerability to stress induced illness
62
Individual Relationships in Human-Animal Relationships
- a relationship develops between two individuals knowing each other
ex:
- > a farm owner and their favorite dairy cow
- > a pet owner and their dog
- These relationships require Mutual Individual Recognition
- > most common between, for example a pet owner and their dog
- generally not applicable to large groups of animals
- > impedes the recognition of an individual animal by the stockperson, and impedes these individual relationships
63
Two primary poultry behaviors to maintain feathers/plumage condition
1. Preening
- distribute oils from the uropygial gland through its feathers
- uses beak to spread oils and straighten feather barbs
- beak is also used to dislodge parasites
2. Dust, or water-bathing
- remove dirt
- remove excess oil
- improve feather structure
- birds in cages will perform a sham dust bath
- > carry out dust-bathing movements with no litter on a wire floor of their cages
- the ability to perform dust, or water-bathing is essential to poultry welfare
64
Activity
- general activity level in familiar surroundings
| ex: home
65
Openness
- quality of being accessible
- lack of secrecy
- increases trust
- increases communication
- increases social cohesiveness
66
Proactive Coping Style Physiological Responses to stressful situations
1. Active in overcoming the stressor
2. Active response to overcome fight or flight response
3. Greater Sympathetic Nervous System activation
4. Adrenaline based activation to challenges
- > epinephrine
67
Conscientiousness
- the quality of doing what is right
- increases trustworthiness
- increases social cohesiveness
68
Pleiotropy
- the phenomenon of a single gene influencing two or more distinct phenotypic traits
- the quality or state of being pleiotropic
- > pleiotropic means producing more than one effect
69
Avian Species Farmed/Domesticated
1. Chickens
- 56 billion annually
2. Turkeys
- 650 million annually
3. Ducks
- 2.7 billion annually
4. Geese
5. Guinea
6. Quail
7. Pigeons
8. Pheasants (peacock)
9. Ostrich
10. Emu
11. Rhea
70
Exploration
- reaction to a new situation, or location
| ex: arena, pasture, home, or room
71
Big 5 Human Personality Traits
- universal in humans
- may share similarities with personality gradients used in animals
- > species to species differences do not allow direct application
1. Extraversion
2. Neuroticism
3. Conscientiousness
4. Agreeableness
5. Openness
72
Gene Effect
1. Dopamine Receptor Gene
- polymorphism accounts for 5% of variation in "exploration" behavior of great tits
- accounts for 10% of variation in novelty-seeking in humans
2. Serotonin gene knockout in mice
- alters their personality
- produces a stress prone phenotype
73
Sexual Behavior in Poultry; Domestic Birds, Red Jungle Fowl, Turkeys, Ducks, and General Female/Male Roles
1. Domestic birds mate using promiscuity
2. Red Jungle Fowl mate using polygyny
- > use harem's (dominant male maintains a territory and mate with females that live there)
3. Turkeys mate using promiscuity
- > mixed sex groups during breeding
- --> use Lek's (males occupy a breeding site on the Lek an attract females to their group by displaying, or performing)
- > single sex groups during the rest of the time
4. Ducks are variable in their mating strategies
5. Generally:
- male is initiator of courting behavior
- females signal their receptiveness to mating
74
Amount of Human-Animal Interactions
- quantity of human-animal interactions is crucial
- absence of interaction increases fear towards humans
- increasing amounts of positive and neutral interactions will improve human-animal relationships
75
Personality Importance in Human-Animal Relationships
- animal's relationship with humans is due to underlying changes in different personality traits
1. Fearfulness and Boldness
2. Aggressiveness
3. Exploration and Curiosity
4. Sociability
76
Quality of Human-Animal Relationship
1. Very good
| 2. Very poor
77
Constraining behavioral plasticity can cause?
- consistency of behavior over time
| - correlation of behaviors across contexts
78
Aversive, or Negative Human-Animal Interactions; Examples
- often involve pain or distress
- increases fear of humans
Examples of Negative interactions:
- dehorning
- beak trimming
- forceful hitting
- tail docking
- ear trimming, or notching
- exposing an animal to its predator
79
Poultry Feeding Timing and Rhythms
- feeding bouts occur:
- > in the first few hours after the lights come on
- > in the last few hours before the lights go out
80
Life History Trade-Offs
- covariance among traits
"Pace-of-life syndrome"
- integrates life history, physiology and behavior
- variation in metabolism may have pleiotropic effects
-> fast growing individuals are expected to die earlier
-> therefore alters their personality because they will take more risks to ensure reproduction
---> will be bolder and more aggressive
- constrains behavioral plasticity when cost of switching behavior too high
81
Why do animals have personality?
- two main, non-exclusive sets of explanations
1. Personality is caused by constraints to behavioral plasticity
2. Different personality types are alternative, adaptive strategies
82
Genetic Background Importance in Human-Animal Relationships
- there can be heritability of fear to humans through generations
- > range from low heritability (0.1) to high heritability (0.5) in cattle, sheep, and pigs
83
Poultry Feeding Trends in General
- using visual and olfactory cues will help wild birds avoid toxicants
- nutritional status may also affect selection
- > show some ability to select for nutrition if given the opportunity
- --> will adjust their intake of protein, energy, minerals and vitamins
- show food preference
- > have food neophobia, in which they are reluctant to consume new foods from which they are accustomed to
- > a major change in their diet can impact their production
- social factors influence feeding behaviors
- > tend to feed as a group
- > they will feed synchronously
- > food running also occurs
- ---> commonly performed by younger chickens, they will run with a large food object to attract their flock to help break up the large food object
84
Egg-Laying in Poultry
- the behavior associated with egg laying is expressed inflexibly
- > largely under physiological control
- egg laying is synchronized
- > need to ensure adequate nest box space
- commercial birds are genetically selected
- > a large number of eggs are laid
- > they have no incubation behavior
85
Domestic Turkey Origins
- native to the Americas
- domesticated about 2000 years ago
- the early Spanish explorers brought them back to Spain
- the domestic version of the turkey was then returned to the Americas in the 17th century
- breeding focused originally on plumage characteristics for show purposes
- By the 20th century, focus switched to meat production
- > Tom's so large natural breeding was no longer possible
86
Factors Affecting the Diurnal Rhythm of Behavior in Poultry
1. Form and Density of the diet
- > affects the time it takes to eat
2. Genetics
- birds selected for a high rate of feed intake and weight gain will eat more throughout the day
3. Human Disturbance
- egg-laying can be delayed by this
4. Light Cycle
- have photoreceptors and are very sensitive to light stimulation
- photoreceptors in their pineal gland as well that produces melatonin
- > dim lighting is used to decrease rhythmicity and activity
87
Sensitive Socialization Periods in:
a. cats
b. dogs
c. farm animals
d. herbivores
a. Cats
- 2 to 7 weeks of age
b. Dogs
- 3 to 12 weeks of age
- reinforcement through the first 8 months is needed
c. Farm Animals
- early socialization period is less crucial than cats and dogs
d. Herbivores
- sensitive periods are soon after birth and weaning
- > prolonged contact required to maintain socialization
88
Poultry Strongest Rhythms
1. Feeding
2. Egg-Laying
3. Mating
4. Grooming
5. Sleeping
89
Domestic Chicken Origins
- derived from the Red Jungle Fowl
- found in India, and the surrounding region
- > South Asia
- domesticated 8000 years ago
- domestic fowls in Europe by 100 CE (AD)
- domestic fowls in America around 1500 CE (AD)
- started as a sacrifice
- The Roman's commercialized chickens
- > bred highly productive egg layers
- In the 19th century there was a large scale production of commercial chicken use
- In the 20th century hybridized for commercial use
- > layers, or egg laying strain (become an adult at 17 weeks)
- > broilers, or meat strain (become an adult at 6 weeks)
90
Positive Human-Animal Interactions; Examples
```
- reduce fear and increase confidence in humans
Examples of Positive Interactions:
- petting, or stroking
- social play
- feeding
- gentle talking
```
91
Why is there no clear best type of personality?
- it helps explain maintenance of variability, in light of genetic selection
- heritability explains half of variation in personality traits
- there are also links to physiological mechanisms
- > serotonergic and dopaminergic systems
92
Proactive Coping Style Characteristics
- act on internal cues
- Characteristics
1. Bold
2. Risk taking
3. Aggressive
4. Active
5. Rigid
6. Form Routines
93
Roles of Humans for Animals in Captivity
1. Predator
2. Prey
3. Neutral part of the environment
- > in the early stages, animal's perception of humans and vice versa
4. Symbiont Human-Animal Relationship = mutual benefits
- when domestication started to occur the human-animal relationship changed to this
5. Social Partner
6. Roles may not be mutually exclusive
- suggested that animals may perceive humans as a combination of the above 5 roles
- > perception may change with the current situation
94
How is behavioral plasticity constraint explained?
- by pleiotropy
- life history trade-offs
- physiological state
95
Chicken and Turkey Foraging Behaviors
- ground pecking
- ground scratching
- grazing
96
Preventing Feather Pecking and Cannibalism
1. Dim, or red lights
2. Beak trimming
3. Preventing foraging substrate
4. Genetic Selection
97
The Big Five Animal "Personality Gradients"
1. Exploration
2. Boldness
3. Activity
4. Aggression
5. Sociability
