Exam 5 Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
Cattle Breeds
A
- two types of cattle Zebu and Taurine
- 1000+ breeds
- Taurine and Zebu interbreed to create fertile offspring
- Zebu influenced breeds are more heat tolerant
- Taurine influence breeds are more cold tolerant
2
Q
Where is social learning prominent in sheep and goats?
A
- resource locations
- shelter locations
3
Q
Female Mating and Sexual Behavior in Goats and Sheep
A
- seasonally polyestrous
- > exception is tropical breeds
- females drive sexual activity
- > influenced by day length because they are short day breeders
- > mate in the fall
- > lamb, or kidding occurs in the spring
4
Q
Factors That Will Affect the Quantity and Quality of Maternal Care
A
- Maternal Experience
- inexperienced mothers:
- > are slower to start licking their offspring after birth
- > are more disturbed by the activity of their newborn
- > may butt the newborn, or move away when it tries to suckle, but this lasts for a short time - Environmental Factors
- low nutrition of mother during gestation - Temperament and Breed
- nervous or fearful mothers
5
Q
Foraging and Feeding Behaviors in Sheep
A
- Sheep prefer grazing
- > Consume Grasses and legumes
6
Q
Goat and Sheep Social Recognition Cues
A
- Visual and olfactory
- Sheep can recognize familiars in photos
- Can recognize up to at least 50 individuals
- Recognition lasts for up to 2 years
7
Q
Things that are critical when people are dealing with pigs
A
- because they generalize their experience with humans at large, when dealing with pigs it is critical to act:
1. Calmly
2. Consistently
3. Positively
8
Q
Female Cattle Mating and Sexual Behavior
A
- They are Polyestrous, or can breed all 12 months
- > There are group calving dates
- At about 9 months of age will have their first estrus which is a 21 day cycle
- Standing heat, or receptive phase will last about 12 hours
- > Allows bull to mount
- Cattle also show Female-female mounting which indicates that the cow is coming into heat
- > Can also attract bulls
- Females often mate with several bulls
9
Q
Neonatal Mortality in Goats and Sheep
A
- 3 to 40% neonatal mortality
- Caused by:
- > birth trauma
- > poor maternal and neonatal bond
10
Q
Effects of Restricted Foraging Behavior in Horses
A
- Stabling, or Concentrate Feeding Methods have negative effects
- Causes a physiological issue because there is a reduction in saliva production
- > This results in lowered minerals in gut, lowered bicarbonates in gut, effects the gut pH and effects the microflora
- > All of this can cause colic
- Can also cause behavioral problems such as crib-biting and wood-chewing
11
Q
General Sheep and Goat Social Behavior
A
- Highly social, or gregarious
- follower species
- in the wild, generally live in small to moderate group sizes
- females and juveniles live together
- males live together and have an overlapping range with females
- generally stay on the home range
12
Q
Cattle Purposes in Developing and Industrialized Countries
A
- Food production
- > Meat and milk - Draft animals
- Maintain grasslands
- Multi-purpose breeds
- > Adapted to local climate
- > specialized breeds dominate markets
13
Q
Bull Group Structure Aggression Behaviors
A
- threat displays are more elaborate
- More prominent in intact males
- Include vocalizations, pawing, rubbing the head on the ground and posturing
14
Q
Stallions Social Behavior in Natural Living Environments
A
- Protective and intervention behavior towards their breeding mares
- Live with groups of mares (harems) and their immature offspring
- There are exceptions such as occasional monogamy and the allowance of younger second stallion to aid in defense of the harem
- Some all male bands may form which indicates that they are more cooperative than normally recognized, but a clear dominance hierarchy exists especially during short resources
15
Q
General Cattle Care of Offspring and Nursing
A
- Cows are considered Hider species and will leave the calf behind when foraging after parturition
- calves suckle within hours of birth to receive the colostrum
- fostering also occurs
16
Q
Rhythms when cattle are in a Freestall Barn
A
- Less synchronized lying and feeding behaviors when kept in freestall barns
- Generally spread feeding and resting activity across a 24 hour period
- They found that feed delivery to bunks will cause an 82% increase in feeding within the first hour compared to a 26% decrease in feeding within the first hour after returning from the milking parlor
17
Q
Ancestral Wild Horse
A
- social herbivore
- survival depended on:
1. Grasslands
2. Vigilance
3. Size
4. Speed - Domestication Benefits:
1. Power
2. Transportation
3. Food
4. By products - glue
- hides for leather
18
Q
Mating Behaviors in Wild and Domestic Boars
A
- Wild Boars
- mark their presence by leaving saliva on tree trunks and frequently wallowing - Domestic Boars
- will court proreceptive females by approaching them, short grunting, champ their jaws while salivating and may urinate
- If the sow stands firm the male will sniff the sows head and anogenital region, nudge her, and mount her
- > ejaculations last several minutes
19
Q
The Modern Horse In Comparison to the Ancestral Wild Horse
A
- sets up a dichotomy with the phylogeny of its ancestry
- the ancestral phylogeny of the horse still underpins the essence of its behavior and failure to meet the behavioral needs has led to industrial horse management issues
- > These issues include behavioral issues associated with chronic frustration and digestive issues associated with diets that are not well suited to the function of their digestive tract
20
Q
Foraging and Grazing In Horse’s
A
- Majority of a horse’s time is dependent on the forage availability and quality
- Moves short distances frequently
- When grazing a horse moves around foraging for between 50-70% of the time
- Will take over 10,000 paces per day
- Samples patches of forages
- takes about 30,000 bites per day
- takes about 60,000 chews per day
21
Q
What are the consequences of Forced weaning in Sheep and Goats?
A
- Forced Weaning disrupts:
1. Learning and social development
2. Induces stress in both the mother and offspring
22
Q
Cattle Group Structure Dominant-Subordinate Affiliations
A
- Affiliations are determined by positive (affiliative) interactions, and aggressive interactions
- Aggressive interactions decline with familiarity
- These Relationships can affect resource access to water, food, lying space, shelter space and breeding opportunities
- Individual characteristics such as body size and horns can influence social success
23
Q
Weaning in Beef Calves
A
- about 6 months
- Dam and milk removed at the same time
- > increased stress
- Dam and calf vocalize, there is excess pacing, and reduced grazing, or feeding
- Two step process can reduce effects
- > Ring in calf nose first
- > Separate several days later
24
Q
Feral or Wild Cattle Behavior
A
- Are in groups of cows and calves
- Groups of bulls form separate groups to defend a territory and intermittently interact with cows
- Chirikof Island Cattle
- > wild cattle since the 1800s
25
Offspring Development and Management of Horse
- The mother's response to stimuli influences the foal's response to it
- Early human handling of foal such as Miller's imprint training, exploits the mother's influence to habituate the foal to handling procedures
- Exposure of the foal to the mother in work may be beneficial
- > common in some cultures
26
Foraging and Feeding Behaviors of Wild Boars and Feral Pigs
- Have a rich and varied diet
- 10 to 40% is animal based
- > higher amounts in feral pig
- 60 to 90% is plant material
27
Domestic Pig Traits
1. High Dry Matter (DM) intake
2. High energy feed utilization
3. Fast growth and efficient feed conversion
4. High fertility
5. Year round reproduction
6. Less active and lower aggression
28
Predators of Sheep and Goats
1. Fox
2. Bear
3. Lynx
4. Wolverine
5. Wolf
6. Coyote
7. Eagle
8. Lion
9. Baboon
10. Feral pig
11. Feral, or domestic dog
29
Weaning from milk in Dairy Calves
- about 5 to 12 weeks of age
| - When weaning is abrupt, calves vocalize and are more active at the time milk would normally be delivered
30
Sexual Behavior in Mares
- Breed seasonally
- In the wild, mares initiate the behavior 88% of time
1. Tail raising
2. Clitoral winking
- > vulva exposed and pink
3. Urine contains olfactory stimuli
4. When ready for mating will stand with their tail raised
- sawhorse stance
5. After copulation, they will step forward for stallion to dismount
- In captivity this may not happen and they will force the stallion back instead which may induce spinal issues
- Sexual Behavior can lead to aggression and disobedience in mares
31
Horse Time Budgets
- behaviors the horse naturally splits time for within a day
1. Foraging and Grazing
2. Rest and Sleep
3. Social Interactions and Play
4. Mating and Sexual Interactions
5. Parturition
6. Nursing
32
How do Wild boars and Domestic Pigs Budget their time?
- Wild boars spend an equal amount of time resting as they do active
- > 50:50
- Domestic pigs spend 85% of their time resting
- pigs need the opportunity to explore because they are naturally curious
33
Swine Communication Channels
1. Olfactory Communication
- Males excrete compounds that trigger standing estrus in sows
- Used to communicate alarm, or stress
2. Acoustic Communication
- broad repertoire of vocal expressions
- used to communicate identity, location, size condition, motivation, and emotion
- sow grunts during lactation to signal pigs when milk is about to be released
- > 20 seconds
- piglets will squeal if trapped, fighting, or in pain
34
Female Aggression for Sheep and Goats
- only occurs under limited resources
- > butting
- > shoving
- dominance maintained by subtle behavior such as:
- > eye contact
- > resting chin on back of another animal to displace it
35
Predation Effects and Predator Control Methods For Goats and Sheep
1. Predation Effects
- loss to predation of about 1-30%
- increases fear of conspecifics
2. Predator Control Methods
- Electric fences
- Trapping
- Hunting
- Guard Animals
- > lama, dog, donkey and cows
36
Mare Social Behavior in Natural Living Environments
- Living in a social group requires the formation of affiliative associations
- Usually have one or two social partners
- Partners may interrupt their interactions with a non-partner
- they leave bands when they become sexually mature which helps avoid interbreeding
37
Onset of Selective Attachment in Goats and Sheeps
- Selective attachment formed in under 1 hour from birth
- After that period, the mother will actively reject any not identified by the mother as her own offspring
- Recognition strengthens with age and suckling
38
Finishing-growing operations in Domestic Cattle
- Mixed sex groups
- > Castrated males
- > Females may, or may not be ovariectomized
- Bulls typically kept in separate groups
39
Beef and Meat Production Two Phases
1. Cow-calf operations
- Pasture and range based
- Calf stays with cow until about 6 months of age
2. Finishing-growing operations
- Weaned calves move to this phase
- Feedlot cattle are finished on a grain based diet
- Pasture cattle are finished on a roughage based diet
40
Cattle Purposes in Developing Countries and the Industrialized World
```
A. Developing Countries Use
1. Food production
- Meat and milk
2. As Draft animals
3. To Maintain grasslands
4. Multi-purpose breeds, or breeds adapted to the local climate are popular
B. Industrialized World
- specialized breeds dominate markets in milk and meat production
```
41
REM Sleep in Horses
- also called paradoxical sleep
- Must be in lateral recumbency to occur
- All muscles are relaxed
- Critical to restoration and memory consolidation
- Generally spend only about 5% of time in this phase
42
Warm Blood Horse Temperament Characteristics
- created by crossing cold bloods with hot bloods
- disposition towards a middle road
-> medium temperament
Ex: Quarter Horse and Tennessee Walker
43
Meat Cattle
1. Angus
2. Hereford
3. Limousin
4. Simmental
5. Charolais
44
Play in Pigs
- Piglets play by the first day of life
- Frequency of play increases until about 3 weeks of age
- Play comprises scampering, dashing, pivoting, and play fighting
- Play is important as a welfare indicator
- Rearing pigs in barren housing conditions will increase stress and cause stereotypies
45
Maternal Behavior of Lactation in Sheep and Goats
- in the first week of life the lamb, or kid is allowed to suckle any time
- after the first week, the ewe or doe will restrict suckling
- During the first month, the ewe or doe will seek out the lamb, or kid when they are separated
- > after this the lamb, or kid will seek out the ewe, or doe
- > ewe, or doe raises its head and bleats to let lamb, or kid know it can approach
- ewe, or doe do not generally protect their offspring
46
Housing Conditions Effect on Swine Emotions and Personalities
- poor conditions make pigs pessimistic
- emotions of pigs are affected by that of other pigs
- > contagious
47
Behavioral Development of Piglets
- sow's nutrition affects the cognitive abilities of the piglets
- provisions of straw, space, and contact with other litters improves social coping abilities later in life
48
Cattle Parturition
- Gestation at about 9 months
- Show restless behavior and spend more time standing
- Separate from herd if space allows it
- > Seek a secluded area
- They give birth lying down and stand after parturition
- Begin to Lick the calf to Encourage calf to stand, Clean off the amniotic fluid, and Facilitate recognition
- Cows engage in placentophagia, or consumption of the placenta
49
Rest and Sleep Patterns in Horses
- Have a polyphasic sleep pattern, so they will sleep for short durations many times within a 24 hour period
- Typically they will not lay down unless in a familiar environment with familiar conspecifics
- Can be affected by the season, age, environment, and it is unknown how housing and management influences rest and sleep patterns
50
Cow-calf operations in Domestic Cattle
- Cows and calves grouped together
- Add bulls during breeding seasons
- > if not using artificial insemination (AI)
51
How many horses are there and the types?
- there are about 62 million world wide
- 680+ breeds
- variation in size has a broad range
- > large Percheron and Shire Breeds
- > One dwarf miniature breed Thumbelina
52
General Mating Behaviors in Swine
- mean gestation length is 114 days
- standing estrus is 1-3 days
- > ovulation occurs at the end of day 2
- > egg fertility declines after 4-8 hours
- > sperm fertility in the female track can last 12 hours
- Wild boars can generally only breed once per year
- > synchronized estrus
- Domestic Pigs
- > have 2-2.5 litters per year
- > natural or artificial insemination mating
53
How do horses recognize feed?
- initially recognizes feed based on familiar sensory characterizations such as:
1. Shape
2. Color
3. Texture
4. Smell
5. Flavor
54
Dairy Cattle Husbandry Systems in Industrialized Countries
1. Tie Stall Barns
- cows are kept indoors and tied to one location
- cows are milked and fed in their stall
2. Centralized Milking Location
- Cows are brought to Parlor for milking
- Robotic milking systems
- Freestall barns and Pasture systems use these methods
55
Dairy Cattle Care of Offspring and Nursing
- Calves are removed at birth to decrease disease, improve milking ease and cause less separation stress
- When isolated from mother, cows are hand raised which decreases the calf's performance
- Generally they are individually penned which may impair behavioral development
- Milk replacer, or waste milk is used to feed dairy calves typically from a bucket, or teat on a bottle
- Calves have a high motivation to suckle
- > To avoid suckling frustration and prevent cross-sucking from occurring a combination of hay feeding, slower milk flow through the teat and access to a pacifier can be provided
56
Play in Offspring of Goats and Sheep
- begins within a few hours of birth
- frequency increases to peak at 10-14 days
- form play bands of peers
- > closest to twins and litter mates
57
Swine Taste, Hearing, Vision and Snout Perception
1. Taste
- They like sweet taste
- > Bitter taste is aversive
2. Hearing
- Hearing is well developed
3. Vision
- Relatively good vision
- > Not as good as human and cattle
- Have Dichromatic Vision
- > they can recognize blue, but not red from green
- Blind angle from 50' to 100' behind
- > wider vision than humans, but more narrow vision than cattle
4. Snout
- a powerful and sensitive tactile organ
58
Male Aggression for Sheep and Goats
- Mainly done to gain access to females
- Horns are rank symbols
- Two males with unequal sized horns generally do not fight
- High intensity fights between similarly ranked males are rare, but can last for several hours
59
Cattle Offspring Development
- Calves decrease lying down time with age
- They start manipulating grass in first days of life
- They all must have milk in early life stages
60
Weaning from milk in Beef Calves
- at about 6 months of age
- The Dam and milk are removed at the same time which causes increased stress
- In response, Both the Dam and calf vocalize, perform excess pacing, and there is a reduction in grazing, or feeding
- A Two Step process for weaning can reduce the effects
1. Place a ring in the calf's nose first to prevent nursing, but allow solid food consumption
2. Separate the calf and dam several days later
61
Male Courtship Behavior in Goats and Sheep
1. Male stretching, twisting head, and neck horizontal to ground
2. Low-pitched rumbling and grunting
3. Licking ewe at shoulders and flanks
3. Nudges female with muzzle
4. Kicks her with his forelegs to determine if she will stand
5. Mounts 1-4 times before ejaculation
62
Digestive Strategy of Horse's
1. High voluntary intake of feeds
- generally eat lower energy feeds
- temperature effects feeding bouts
- longer feeding bouts earlier in the morning and in the late afternoon
- they rarely fast
2. High rate of digestive passage
63
NonREM Sleep In Horses
- also called slow wave sleep (SWS)
- can be done standing
- most rest is done in this phase
64
How to tell if a pig has become ill?
- they will decrease their food intake and activity
- increase sleep
- shivering and vomiting will occur
65
Offspring Learning Behaviors in Goats and Sheep
- Raised head posture of a ewe
- > signals offspring to approach and suckle
- > similar to alarm posture used by sheep to teach their young alarm signals
- flight response to predators
- > part of response learned from adults
- shelter location
- resource location
66
General Cattle Group Structure Aggression Behaviors
- Lowering the head
- Head-butting
- Head to head pushing
67
Periparturient Behavior of Sows
- Will separate from the group 2-3 days before parturition if they can
- They will nest build about 15 hours before parturition
- During parturition or immediately after, the sow will lay on her side exposing her teats
- piglets are born about 20 minutes apart
- The sow sniffs the piglets as they pass by her snout for about 24 hours to facilitate recognition
- > After 24 hours will reject any other piglets she does not recognize
- The average piglet mortality during the first 2-3 days is 15%
- > The two main causes are the undernutrition of the sow and crushing by the sow
- > Calmness of the sow is important to avoid crushing from occurring
68
Benefits of social living for sheep and goats
1. Protection
2. Finding a mate
3. Resource location
4. Care of young
69
Male Cattle Mating and Sexual Behavior
- Begin mounting at 2 months of age
- They will regularly mount at about 4-6 months of age
- They reach sexual maturity about 1-2 years of age
- Age, size, and dominance effect the success of mating
- To test if a cow is receptive they use visual and olfactory stimuli
- Visual stimuli is female-female mounting
- Olfactory stimuli involves sniffing a cows vulva, or urine
- > They may display a Flehman response to allow pheromones to reach the vomeronasal organ
- They will guard receptive females to prevent other bulls from mating
70
Beef Cattle Care of Offspring and Nursing
- Calves stay with cow for about 6 months
- Cows initiate many suckling bouts typically 4-10 times per day
- Cows will leave the calf to graze
- After a few weeks, calves will seek out the cow for suckling
- Will stay in groups with peers for the first few months
- Cows vocalize to reunite with calf
- > Contact calls and grunts right after birth facilitate future communication and recognition
71
Hot Blood Horse Temperament Characteristics
- generally high spirited and hot tempered
- small and lean
- good energy and endurance
- agile
Ex: Arabian and Barb
72
General Horse Social Behavior in Natural Living Environments
- Live naturally in Bands, or group living
- The benefit is for predator avoidance
- There is aggression within groups to maintain the social hierarchy
73
Third Stage of Parturition in Horses
- Postpartum Pause
- Mare will typically lie for 15-20 minutes, but mares in captivity will stand within 5 minutes
- > The early rise will snap the umbilical causing a decrease in blood supply by 1/3, decreased lung inflation and oxygen starvation of tissues
- When the mare licks the foal for the first time, she often nickers
- > This causes a chemical imprint with the foal
- The placenta is expelled within 1-2 hours
- > Ingestion is rare, but may investigate
- A difficult birth may lead to the rejection of the foal
- If it is a stillborn, the mare will remain close for first few hours and then move off
74
Four Stages of Equine Sleeping Patterns
1. Wakefulness
2. Drowsiness
3. NonREM Sleep
- slow wave sleep (SWS)
4. REM Sleep (rapid eye movement)
- paradoxical sleep
75
Housing Effects and Preferenes of Goats and Sheep
- Stocking density
- > increase in aggression if too high
- > reduces time lying down
- access to outdoors important
- Bedding
- > sheep prefer straw
- > goats prefer wood floors and mattresses
- Hygiene important
76
General Horse Social Behavior in Captive Living
1. Live in isolated housing
- there is minimum limited contact between horses
- > especially between the stallions
2. Groups are set for convenience
- Mares, Weaned Foals and Geldings place for convenience
3. The social hierarchy is kept in flux
- Hierarchy is kept in place with aggression
- Affiliative associations are disrupted
- It is more pronounced in captivity when there are space and group member changes
77
Pig Cleanliness
- they are naturally clean
- if given the opportunity will avoid laying in their feces
- they will defecate in specific areas
- they do not self-groom or clean, therefore they stay clean by scratching against hard objects
78
Wild and Feral Social Behavior in Swine
- Live in matrilineal groups with kin related females and offspring
- Adult Males (boars) live with female groups, alone, or live i bachelor groups
- smaller groups are known to merge
- > driven by a high concentration of resources
- > between-group territoriality does not seem to exist
- within groups dominance relationships exist
- > does not preclude, or stop effective cooperation
79
Wild Pig Traits
1. Strong fight and flight response
2. Diverse food supply
3. Generally lighter and thinner
4. Alert for predators
5. Active and aggressive
80
Ideal Temperatures for Domestic pigs
- Small pigs need to be kept warm
- With older pigs overheating is more of a concern because they do not sweat
- > they must seek shade or wallow
- > reduce their activity or feed intake
- > high respiration as a last resort
81
External Factors on Mating and Sexual Behaviors in Goats and Ewes
1. Nutrition
- undernutrition, or over nutrition may reduce mating behavior
- undernutrition in females may cause estrus behavior not to exhibit
2. Social Factors
- "Male Effect" will induce estrus in females
- Aggression may reduce mating for non dominant males
- Early life rearing
- > fostering cross species will cause the animal to prefer the species it was cross fostered with
- age and experience
3. Stress
- heat stress will reduce mating behavior in males and females
- fear will reduce estrus in females
82
Behavior of the Sow during Lactation
- synchronized suckling approximately every 50 minutes
- Nursing episodes begin with 1-2 minutes of teat massage by the piglets
- Milk is released for about 20 seconds
- > rhythmic grunting by the sow calls piglets and increased grunting informs them about the milk release
- 10 to 35% of nursing episodes do not result in milk ejection
- During the first 2 weeks of lactation, the sow brings her piglets to her for suckling
- > afterwards piglets come to the sow and the sow will gradually restrict
83
Selection of Diet Components in Sheep and Goats
- Often a learned response
- > Food aversions
- Avoid parasites and toxicity
- Can remember location of feeds
- New to area vs. familiarity
- > they can tell which areas are new or familiar
84
Domestic Social Behavior in Swine
- dominance relationships are less stable than in cattle
- > Therefore, there is increased fighting, position reversals, increased harassment of subordinates and renewed fighting after temporary separation
- No allogrooming
- No strong individual affiliations
- Have a Strong tendency for coordination and synchronization of behavior in space and time
- > one alarm bark will make all pigs freeze and attend
- Exploratory behavior has a strong tendency to be synchronized
- > indicates a need for enrichment materials
85
Foraging and Feeding in Goats and Sheep
- They are Ruminants and herbivores
- Adapted to harsh conditions
- > Can consume lichen and cacti
- Feral Ronaldsay Sheep from Orkney, UK eat seaweed
- Rumination like cattle
- > Occurs for about 1/3 of a day
- Graze, or browse for about 8 hours per day
- > Time is affected by forage, or browse availability and quality
- Stay together during grazing or browsing
86
Foraging, or Feeding in Cattle
- Cattle are both Ruminants and herbivores
- Natural diet consists solely of plant material
- They will ruminate for about 6-8 hours each day and can do so lying on their side or standing
- Grazing and Feeding occurs for 6-10 hours per day for pasture cattle
- Barn Feeding occurs for 4-6 hours per day
- Length of feeding is determined by:
1. Type of forage or feed
2. Distribution of forage or feed
3. Management system
- > Grazing System vs Freestall Barn
87
Feed Selection for Horses
- Is a generalist herbivore
- Is a hindgut fermenters
- > hindgut bacteria plays a role in laminitis
- Diet includes:
1. Grass
2. Forbes
3. Shrubs
4. Leaves
5. Bark
6. Roots
- They select younger and greener plants because they are typically higher in nutritional value
- Novel foods are approached cautiously and they will only have a small intake first
- They can learn to avoid feeds that make them immediately ill
88
Weaning Horses
- In natural living, weaning is a long, slow process with low stress
- in captive living, weaning is often abrupt and early which can cause abnormal behaviors
- > utilizing group, or field weaning strategies may decrease some of these abnormal behaviors
- They also found that giving the foal grain right after weaning may increase cribbing later in life
89
Interactions of Pigs and People
- Interactions determine trust and fear
- Can recognize familiar and unfamiliar people by relying on various cues
- > visual and olfactory
- > Color of clothing
- Tend to generalize their experience towards humans at large
- > Back and forth, or inconsistent treatment is seen as negative
- > Even limited negative treatment will influence their perception of people for a long time
- pigs are more willing to approach a squatting or sitting person
- once one pig interacts others will follow
- primary communication between pigs and humans is acoustical
90
Foraging and Feeding Behaviors of Domestic Pigs
- They have high productivity such as large litters and fast growth rates
- Therefore, they have high feed intakes and huge appetites
- Need to ensure adequate feeder space
- > if not fighting issues will occur
- They still have the motivation to forage
- > therefore providing enrichment will decrease stereotypies such as bar biting
91
Second Stage of Parturition in Horses
- Parturition phase
- Allantochorionic sac bursts
- > Followed by a Flehman response and a nickering
- Normally will Lie on her side with her uppermost hind leg extended
- Strains forcibly and regularly
- > May rest between bouts
- Phase lasts generally 10-30 minutes
- Mare should not stand immediately because there is still extensive blood transfer through the umbilical to the foal
92
Cognition in Swine
- have outstanding learning, or cognition abilities
- > they learn from experience, memorization, and can combine new and old memories
- > holds true especially with food or social tasks
- Can learn operational tasks and associations
- > can be called to food using specific calls
- > can deduce food location from other pigs behavior
- > choose options based on a delayed reward such as washing an apple that is sandy before eating it
- they have an episodic memory
- > can remember where something occurred and in what context
93
Cattle Group Structure Affiliation Behavior
- Allogrooming, or social licking in the neck region
| - Form grooming partnerships between specific individuals
94
Horse Behavior at Birth
- The mare exerts considerable control over the time of parturition
- > likely a way to aid avoidance of predators
- normal gestation is about 340 days +/- 3 weeks
- frequently a night delivery
- horse is a follower species
- > foal will follow the mother
95
Sow Mating Behavior
1. Proreceptive Behavior, or active displays of upcoming receptivity
- starts about 2 days before standing estrus
- will linger around the boar, or boar pen
- they will also nose the flanks of other sows and mount them
2. Receptive Behavior
- reacts to the boars smell and grunting
- > will stop movement, may squeal, or urinate and will allow the boar to mount
96
Rhythm when Cattle are on pasture
- Cattle have a Distinct Diurnal Rhythm when on pasture
- Synchronized behaviors within a herd
- Most feeding occurs during daylight in the morning, or late afternoon
- > Weather may move grazing to night and is usually temperature driven
- Spend more time lying down at night
- > But, there is often a lying bout during the middle of the day
- Cattle spend 8-12 hours lying down per day with about each lying bout lasting 1 hour
97
Maternal Behavior at Birth in Goats and Sheep
- Withdraw from social group
- > In the wild, will find a remote, or rugged site
- > Do this to reduce predation
- > Gain privacy to form a strong bond
- Increased restlessness/pawing
- Lip-licking
- Straining behavior
- > standing and lying
- Delivery takes 1-2 hours
- Twinning is relatively common
98
How many horses are there and the types?
- there are 62 million world wide
- 680+ breeds
- variation in size
- > broad range
- > Percheron/Shire are about 76 inches at the withers
- > Thumbelina (dwarf/miniature) are about 17 inches
99
Weaning in the wild and production operations in Goats and Sheep
- in the wild, lambs and kids are weaned at about 6 months near the rut
- > mother initiates weaning
- In production operations, they are weaned at about 8 to 12 weeks
- > ruminant digestion and gut development is mostly complete by 8 weeks
- > But, given the opportunity they will continue to suckle for psychological reasons
100
Gestation, estrous cycle and standing heat (estrus) lengths in Does and Ewes
1. Gestation
- Doe is about 150 days
- Ewe is about 147 days
2. Estrous Cycle
- Doe is 21 days
- Ewe is 27 days
3. Standing Heat (estrus)
- Doe is about 24 hours
- Ewe is about 30 hours
101
Swine Scent Sensitivity Perception
- Scent sensitivity matches that of dog
- They can detect humans hundreds of meters away
- Can locate food that is hidden, or underground
- Can Avoid traps
- Can Recognize familiar from unfamiliar pigs
- > can remember at least 30 individuals
- Other scent information from an individual they can get is its sex, reproductive status, and dominance status
102
Tactile and Visual Signals for Communication in Swine
1. Tactile Signals
- teat massage by piglets triggers milk letdown
2. Visual Signals
- used by wild boars
- bristling
- ear position
- tail movement
- arching back
103
Behavioral Patterns in Swine
- no known loss of behavioral patterns
| - Rather, change is qualitative and quantitative
104
Foraging and Feeding Behaviors in Goats
- goats are adventurous with feeding
- > sample many items
- Goats prefer browsing
- > Mobile lips allow plucking of leaves
- > Eat more in terms of bites than sheep
- > Adept climbers
105
Following and Synchronous Behavior in goats and sheep
- Mothers have close bonds with their offspring
- > Young follows the mother
- Group follows a leader
- > Leader is generally an older animal
- > Dominant animal near the front, but not leading
- --> Food benefits
- --> Predation benefits
- > May be an antipredation strategy because members inconspicuous when all engaged in the same activity
- Some cultures sheep trained to follow shepherd
- > Some abattoirs, or slaughter houses make use of Judas sheep for easy movement
106
Cold Blood Horse Temperament Characteristics
- stable calm temperament
- generally large
- gentle disposition
- placid interactive style
Ex: Clydesdale and Shire
107
Care of Horse Offspring
- The foal explores for the teat and the mare may guide the foal to teat
- > will allow initial suckling for about 20 minutes
- Environment may confuse the foal
- > for example a foal may head towards hanging hay instead of a teat
- Milk letdown and suckling will help form a maternal and foal bond
- Human imprinting may occur if foal is artificially reared
- Foal suckles every hour for the first few days
- > The mare cuts in nursing bouts in half by the end of the first week
- Foal stays close to the mare and the mare may instigate some separation
- Mare may be aggressive towards foal if nursing is painful
- Weaning occurs naturally at about 40 weeks
- > shortly before the mares next birth
108
Male Mating and Sexual Behavior in Goat and Sheep
- seek out estrus female
- assess reproductive status by:
- > sniffing anogenital area and urine
- > Flehman response
- will urinate on their bellies, legs and beards
- > serves as a dominance indicator
- Will attend or court a female
109
Fight Behavior In Swine
1. Sideways head knocking
2. Pushing, or shoveling
3. Levering
4. Biting
- especially around the head, neck and body areas
5. Damage to the head and neck
- indicative of reciprocal fighting
110
Weaning in Wild and Domestic (Commercial Production) Pigs
- Wild pigs, wean piglets at about 4-5 months
- Domestic pigs wean at about 3-5 weeks
- > it is an abrupt separation and can lead to feeding issues and diarrhea
- > mixing litters together will increase fighting
- > if weaned at 3 weeks or earlier, belly nosing is common
111
Fight Behaviors of Male Goats and Sheep
1. Nudging
2. Kicking, or striking with their forelegs
3. Rumbles, or growling noises
4. Head clashing
112
First Stage of Parturition in Horses
- Immediately Before Birth
- Restless and wandering
- She may swish her tail, turn her head towards her flanks, and kick at her belly
- She will frequently urinate, paw, crouch, and lie down and get up again
- Can last Minutes to days
113
Domestic Sows and Juvenile Aggression
1. Occurs over food availability
- limited space and amount
- mixing of unfamiliar animals
- a few animals account for most of the fighting
114
Onset of Maternal Behavior in Goats and Sheep
- Immediately after birth there is an extreme focus on newborn
- > Will lick and emit frequent low-pitched bleats, or rumbles
- --> Two main purposes for this:
1. Helps to dry and stimulate the newborn
2. Facilitates a bond
- With Twins:
- > Switch to second newborn after tending first
- > Same response to second as first
115
Cattle Social Behavior
- Gregarious, or social animals
| - If isolated it will cause stress including increased heart rate, vocalizations, and defecation and urination
116
Sexual Behavior in Males
1. Flehmen response
- Increased exposure to vomeronasal organ
2. If it is a receptive mare, they will nip, or nudge along the mares body towards her neck
- Behavior can appear as aggressive between mare and stallion
- BUT, if the mare responds favorably to the stallion he will extend his penis
3. Attempts mount from the side, or behind
4. Intromission is achieved after a few exploratory thrusts
5. Copulation occurs
- Total time between mounting and copulation is about 30 seconds
- Stallion may squeal at the end
- Will show mated mares greater attention over next few days
117
Pigs Emotions and Personalities as Individuals
- despite synchrony, pigs are individuals
| - their personality varies along a dimension from passive to aggressive, or explorative
118
Female Estrus Behavior in Sheep and Goats
- bleating
- restlessness
- urinate often
- raise, or fan tail
- In goats you will see female-female mounting
- they will seek out a male
- Show courtship behavior such as:
- > turning in front of preferred male
- > rubbing along his chest and flanks
- > following him
119
General Horse Communication for Social Behavioral
- They share the location of resources
- They recognize familiar conspecifics
- They discriminate unfamiliar conspecifics
- > Being able to recognize conspecifics is important so they can react to their age, sex and dominance status
- Horses use visual, auditory and olfaction information to respond to conspecifics
120
Feral or Wild Cattle Behavior
- Groups of cows and calves
- Groups of bulls
- > To defend the territory
- > Intermittently interact with cows
- Chirikof Island Cattle
- > wild cattle since the 1800s
121
Social Recognition in Goats and Sheep
- Sheep groups when mixed stay separated for a time
- Over time, sheep of the same breed will become integrated into a single group
- But different breeds will remain as separate groups
- > Demonstrates the recognition of familiar animals
