Exam 4

Question 1

______ viruses are the leading cause of human viral disease.

Answer 1

herpes

Question 2

Herpes comes from the word ________, meaning…

Answer 2

herpein, meaning to creep

Question 3

Describe Herpesviridae

Answer 3

• envelope obtained from inner nuclear membrane

- the capsid is icosahedral with 162 donut shaped capsomeres

Question 4

Herpesvirus genomes

Answer 4

• large
• linear, double stranded DNA
• 35 proteins

Question 5

what do all herpesvirus proteins encode for?

Answer 5

enzymes involved in nucleic acid metabolism, DNA synthesis, and protein processing

Question 6

describe VZV (Varicella Zoster Virus)

Answer 6

• causes chickenpox and shingles

- VZV is the only herpesvirus that spreads person-to-person

Question 7

how long after infection with Varicella Zoster Virus

Answer 7

10-21 days

Question 8

Varicella Zoster Virus

Answer 8

chickenpox

Question 9

How does Varicella Zoster Virus infect?

Answer 9

infects the skin or mucosa of the respiratory tract and progresses through the blood and lymphatic system of the reticulo-endothelial system

Question 10

adult complications of chickenpox

Answer 10

• pneumonia
• bacterial infection of the skin
• swelling of the brain

Question 11

where does VZV remain dormant after initial infection?

Answer 11

in the dorsal root ganglia (neurons of the nerve roots)

Question 12

the relationship between VZV and AIDS patients

Answer 12

chronic shingles may occur in AIDS patients

Question 13

describe Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Answer 13

• common in human populations (40-70% in US)
• not serious in most people
• remains dormant for the rest of persons life

Question 14

CMV and pregnancy

Answer 14

• 1-3% of women get infected with CMV while pregnant (in the US)

Question 15

developing babies (neonates) can be inflicted with the following if their mother is infected

Answer 15

• hearing loss
• visual impairment
• varying degrees of mental retardation
• motor problems

Question 16

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) causes ______ of the infectious mononucleosis cases

Answer 16

79%

Question 17

what is the incubation period of EBV?

Answer 17

4-6 weeks

Question 18

Does EBV remain latent?

Answer 18

yes, in the throat and blood for the rest of the patients life

Question 19

how does herpesvirus get its envelope?

Answer 19

a double envelopment process

Question 20

How to DESTROY the herpesvirus envelope

Answer 20

• it is fragile!

- easily disrupted by heat, desiccation, 70% alcohol, soap, and detergents

Question 21

when exposed to air, herpesvirus…

Answer 21

desicates! therefore, it can not be transmitted by toilet seats

Question 22

HIV is in the family…

Answer 22

Retroviridae

Question 23

HIV is a lentivirus, which means…

Answer 23

the viruses take a long time to cause overt disease

Question 24

many lentiviruses target…

Answer 24

immune cells and lead to immunodeficiency

Question 25

examples of lentiviruses

Answer 25

- HIV - bovine immunodeficiency virus - feline immunodeficiency virus - simian immunodeficiency virus

Question 26

types of HIV

Answer 26

HIV-1: globally distributed HIV-2: primarily in west Africa (longer period of time before disease onset)

Question 27

where does HIV remain?

Answer 27

CD4+T cells, which help B cells (making antibodies) and Tc cells

Question 28

describe HIV

Answer 28

+ssRNA - retrovirus - no oncogene, 9 ORFs cleaved into 15 proteins

Question 29

true or false, antibodies can be detected against all HIV proteins

Answer 29

true

Question 30

HIV expresses two...

Answer 30

glycoproteins, expressed from the Env gene: | 1. gp160

Question 31

in HIV, what enzymes are expressed from the Pol gene?

Answer 31

1. RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (RT) 2. Integrase 3. Protease

Question 32

what are the proteins cleaved from the GAG poly protein? (HIV)

Answer 32

1. MA (matrix) 2. CA (capsid) 3. NC (nucleocapsid) 4. p6

Question 33

the POL protein (HIV) is cleaved into...

Answer 33

1. PR (protease) 2. RT (reverse transcriptase) 3. IN (integrase)

Question 34

difference in the genomes of HIV 1 and HIV 2

Answer 34

1: VPU | 2. VPX

Question 35

which place is most afflicted with HIV?

Answer 35

sub Sahara africa

Question 36

HIV most likely came about because...

Answer 36

hunters were infected through the blood of moneys then spread to the carribean and then the US

Question 37

HIV was first identified...

Answer 37

Kaposi's sarcoma in young gay men in 1981

Question 38

HIV is diploid, what does that mean?

Answer 38

it brings in two copies of its genome

Question 39

because HIV is +ssDNA, we would expect it to be translated right away, however...

Answer 39

brings RT to convert RNA it DNA (RNA and DNA hybrid) RNA is depleted by RT

Question 40

oncogenes...

Answer 40

drive the cell through the cell cycle

Question 41

LTR

Answer 41

- long terminal repeat | - integration and transcription

Question 42

gp120 is processed in the...

Answer 42

Golgi apparatus

Question 43

gp120 gives the fusion peptide the abilityy to cause...

Answer 43

the envelop to fuse with the plasma membrane

Question 44

how does NEV help HIV "hide"?

Answer 44

reduces expression of MHC lass 1

Question 45

Tat (hiv)...

Answer 45

stimulates transcription

Question 46

cure for HIV is most likely going to be through...

Answer 46

CCR5 (delta 32 is the variation)

Question 47

how to cure HIV

Answer 47

- edit genes | - bone marrow trsnsplant

Question 48

inhibitors of acitification of the en dosome (HIV) will...

Answer 48

do nothing

Question 49

in HIV, RT happens in the...

Answer 49

cytoplasm

Question 50

Tat increases HIV transcription by...

Answer 50

binding to TAR

Question 51

LATS

Answer 51

latency associated transcripts